“…CPB, an essential element for the service sector, is considered one of the crucial factors affecting firm performance (Ngo and O'Cass, 2013). It is an essential determinant of customer loyalty (Eisingerich and Bell, 2006;Auh et al, 2007), customer satisfaction (Mursid and Wu, 2021;Yi et al, 2021), perceived service quality (Wang et al, 2007;Dong et al, 2008), repurchase intention (Chen and Wang, 2016), brand loyalty and brand satisfaction (Solem, 2016;Nardi et al, 2020). Therefore, customer participation is considered an essential factor affecting the firm's success.…”