Customized profile lens based linear response fast spinning on-axis optical scanners for 3D laser scanning microscopy

Lai, Zhenhua; Mega, Yair; Xiao-yan, Yang; Zhu, Jianfeng; Gu, Zetong; Xiong, Daxi; DiMarzio, Charles A.

doi:10.1117/12.2038316

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…However, these scanners generally achieve much smaller angular scan ranges than reflective scanners and significant offaxis aberration must be managed. 8,9 Risley scanners are a transmissive scanner that are able to achieve high scan angles with moderate efficiency. In a Risley scanner light is transmitted through two prisms, and one or both prisms are rotated to change the angle of the scanned beam which produces a complex scan pattern that makes uniform beam scanning difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization-based, transmissive-reflective beam scanner operating around 1550 nm using off-the-shelf components

Baker

Lang²,

Dickensheets³

et al. 2023

Photonic Instrumentation Engineering X

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A novel transmissive-reflective beam scanner operating around 1550 nm wavelength has been demonstrated using two commercial wire grid polarizers (WGPs) with transmission axes offset by 45°, surrounding a latching garnet 45° Faraday rotator. Light in the system undergoes three 45° polarization rotations, resulting in two reflections inside the cavity between the two WGPs before being transmitted by the rear WGP. The two reflections inside the device facilitate beam steering in a transmissive layout (output beam emerging from the opposite side of the input beam). Polarization-resolved individual-component characterizations were performed for several WGPs and for the Faraday rotator to determine optical properties such as transmission efficiency and the polarization purity of the transmitted or reflected beams as a function of incidence angle to the optic, for multiple incident linear polarization states. This allowed us to both select the WGPs best suited to act as polarizing beam splitters in the system and to use the angle-resolved component data to predict the total transmission efficiency of the beam scanner as a function of front polarizer tilt angle (which in our geometry is half of the beam deflection angle). We then compared the predicted scanner efficiency with the measured transmission efficiency of the prototype beam scanner. The scanner maintained a transmission efficiency over 70% for beam deflection angles between ±45° (a 90° symmetric beam scan area) for a vertically oriented incident linear polarization state.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization-based, transmissive-reflective beam scanner operating around 1550 nm using off-the-shelf components

Baker

Lang²,

Dickensheets³

et al. 2023

Photonic Instrumentation Engineering X

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Demonstration of a compact double-reflection transmissive beam scanner operating at 1550 nm wavelength

Baker,

Lang,

Dickensheets

et al. 2024

Appl. Opt.

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A compact forward-directed transmissive beam scanner operating at a wavelength of 1550 nm was constructed and characterized. The scanner consists of two wire-grid polarizers (WGPs) surrounding a 45° Faraday rotator, causing incident light to reflect once from each WGP before transmitting through the second polarizer. Scanning is achieved by tilting one of the WGPs. Measured efficiency remained above 73% over a 90° forward scan range (−45∘ to +45∘) for vertically polarized incident light. Additionally, we measured the efficiency versus beam deflection for four different incident linear polarization configurations, three of which maintained >70% efficiency for deflection angles up to −60∘.

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Laser scanning by rotating polarization gratings

et al. 2016

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Laser beam scanning can be realized using two independently rotating, inline polarization gratings, termed Risley gratings, in a fashion similar to Risley prisms. The analytical formulas of pointing position as well as their inverse solutions are described. On this basis, the beam scanning is investigated and the performance of scanning imaging is evaluated. It is shown that the scanning function in 1D scanning evolves from a sinusoidal to triangular scan and the duty cycle increases rapidly as the ratio of grating period to wavelength is reduced toward 2. The scan pattern in 2D scanning is determined by the ratio k of the gratings' rotatory frequency. In imaging applications, when k tends toward 1 or -1, the scan pattern becomes dense and is inclined to be spiral or rose-like, respectively, which is desirable for the purpose of enhancing spatial resolution. There is a direct trade-off between spatial resolution and frame rate. The spiral and rose scanning enable multiresolution imaging, providing a preview of the scanned area in a fraction of the overall scan time, which is extremely useful for fast, real-time imaging applications.

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Customized profile lens based linear response fast spinning on-axis optical scanners for 3D laser scanning microscopy

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Polarization-based, transmissive-reflective beam scanner operating around 1550 nm using off-the-shelf components

Polarization-based, transmissive-reflective beam scanner operating around 1550 nm using off-the-shelf components

Demonstration of a compact double-reflection transmissive beam scanner operating at 1550 nm wavelength

Laser scanning by rotating polarization gratings

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