Cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Pourahmad, Morteza; Hooshmand, Farhang; Rahiminejad, Masood

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03870.x

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, at present, we do not know the overall structure of the wider parasite community of humans, because most studies of co-infection are typically restricted to measuring interspecific interactions between pairs of parasites (80% of publications reviewed in reference [9] reported a single species pair, e.g. [26–28]). Here, we move beyond this pairwise view to study the potential interactions among the many parasites that can co-infect humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources

et al. 2014

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Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species (viruses, bacteria, helminths, protozoa or fungi) is commonplace. Most reports show co-infected humans to have worse health than those with single infections. However, we have little understanding of how co-infecting parasites interact within human hosts. We used data from over 300 published studies to construct a network that offers the first broad indications of how groups of co-infecting parasites tend to interact. The network had three levels comprising parasites, the resources they consume and the immune responses they elicit, connected by potential, observed and experimentally proved links. Pairs of parasite species had most potential to interact indirectly through shared resources, rather than through immune responses or other parasites. In addition, the network comprised 10 tightly knit groups, eight of which were associated with particular body parts, and seven of which were dominated by parasite–resource links. Reported co-infection in humans is therefore structured by physical location within the body, with bottom-up, resource-mediated processes most often influencing how, where and which co-infecting parasites interact. The many indirect interactions show how treating an infection could affect other infections in co-infected patients, but the compartmentalized structure of the network will limit how far these indirect effects are likely to spread.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources

et al. 2014

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“…One report of DCL in HIV co-infection mentioned a positive LST and good response to treatment [66] . Parasites may usually be demonstrated without much difficulty and may be other species than those classically associated with DCL [60] , [67] . This syndrome has been described for a number of leishmanial parasites, including L. siamensis [68] .…”

Section: Pkdl-like Skin and Mucosal Manifestations In Hiv-infected Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

PKDL and Other Dermal Lesions in HIV Co-infected Patients with Leishmaniasis: Review of Clinical Presentation in Relation to Immune Responses

Zijlstra¹

2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundCo-infection of leishmaniasis and HIV is increasingly reported. The clinical presentation of leishmaniasis is determined by the host immune response to the parasite; as a consequence, this presentation will be influenced by HIV-induced immunosuppression. As leishmaniasis commonly affects the skin, increasing immunosuppression changes the clinical presentation, such as in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); dermal lesions are also commonly reported in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV co-infection.MethodsWe reviewed the literature with regard to dermal manifestations in leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection, in three clinical syndromes, according to the primary presentation: PKDL, VL, or CL.ResultsA wide variety of descriptions of dermal leishmaniasis in HIV co-infection has been reported. Lesions are commonly described as florid, symmetrical, non-ulcerating, nodular lesions with atypical distribution and numerous parasites. Pre-existing, unrelated dermal lesions may become parasitized. Parasites lose their tropism and no longer exclusively cause VL or CL. PKDL in HIV co-infected patients is more common and more severe and is not restricted to Leishmania donovani. In VL, dermal lesions occur in up to 18% of patients and may present as (severe) localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL); there may be an overlap with para-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. In CL, dissemination in the skin may occur resembling DL or DCL; subsequent spread to the viscera may follow. Mucosal lesions are commonly found in VL or CL and HIV co-infection. Classical mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is more severe. Immune reconstitution disease (IRD) is uncommon in HIV co-infected patients with leishmaniasis on antiretroviral treatment (ART).ConclusionWith increasing immunosuppression, the clinical syndromes of CL, VL, and PKDL become more severe and may overlap. These syndromes may be best described as VL with disseminated cutaneous lesions (before, during, or after VL) and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis with or without visceralization.

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“…Leishmaniasis has emerged as the third most prevalent parasiteborne disease worldwide after malaria and filariasis , occurring on five continents, where is considered endemic in 98 countries and three territories . Currently, approximately 350 million people are at risk of contracting leishmaniasis, and about 0·2–0·4 million cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and 0·7–1·2 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) occur each year .…”

Section: Epidemiological and Clinical Features Of Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological disease in human and canine leishmaniasis – clinical features and immunopathogenesis

Maia

Monteiro

Gavioli

et al. 2015

Parasite Immunology

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Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease caused by Leishmania protozoa, which is a major health problem and a neglected disease common in many regions of the world. Leishmania is an intracellular parasite transmitted by sand flies that causes clinical manifestations ranging from a severe and potentially fatal disease named visceral leishmaniasis to less severe but in many cases disfiguring diseases that mainly affect the skin or mucosal tissues, known as cutaneous leishmaniasis. Despite the detection of Leishmania parasites in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of human patients and dogs, epidemiological data, as well as information about the mechanisms of central and peripheral nervous system alterations, are poorly described. This review is focused on the current knowledge about the neurological manifestations and immunopathogenic mechanisms in human patients and animals infected with Leishmania.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Abstract: Our case demonstrated that it is better to evaluate the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients who present with cutaneous leishmaniasis and HIV infection.

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources

Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources

PKDL and Other Dermal Lesions in HIV Co-infected Patients with Leishmaniasis: Review of Clinical Presentation in Relation to Immune Responses

Neurological disease in human and canine leishmaniasis – clinical features and immunopathogenesis

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