Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011–2018

Muhjazi, Ghada; Gabrielli, Albis Francesco; Postigo, Jorge; Atta, Hoda; Osman, Maher M.; Bashour, Hyam; Tawil, A; Husseiny, Hania; Allahham, Rasmieh; Allan, Richard

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007827

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“… 1 A review of the population health in Iraq over the 40 years of continual military operations since 1980 2 revealed a substantial harm to public health through disruption to health systems and malfunctioning of health workers, impaired access to diagnosis and treatment and reduced availability of medicines. Similar reports have been published on the war in Syria 3 and more. The profound adverse effects are poorly documented, as in the case with Iraq, 4 and rarely addressed by the parties involved.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Utilization of health services for skin disorders during military operations. A population- based study

et al. 2020

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In addition to the immediate casualties of armed conflicts, their indirect impact may bring even more damage by causing malfunctioning of health systems and impaired access to diagnosis and treatment. We conducted a population-based study, to assess the utilization rates of health services due to skin disorders, among civilians exposed to missile attacks and siren alarms during three military operations in Israel. The study was designed as a natural experiment, whereas periods of military operations were compared to the non-military times. During the military operations, when sirens and missiles were an everyday experience, the number of visits to dermatologists was 1.07-1.16 times lower [Relative Risk (RR)=0.86-0.92] as compared to the non-military periods, especially evident for patients residing closer to the military zone, where it dropped almost 2- folds (RR=0.52). Although perceived nonurgent in their majority, the routine care should not be delayed to prevent more serious skin conditions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Utilization of health services for skin disorders during military operations. A population- based study

et al. 2020

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“…According to the World Health Organization, old world leishmaniasis is one of the most prevalent insect-borne diseases in Eastern Mediterranean Region [ 1 ]. The most common form in Syria is anthroponotic CL due to Leishmania tropica , which is transmitted between humans by Phlebotomus sergenti sand fly [ 2 ]. During the Syrian war (2011–present), the number and distribution of CL have evolved dramatically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Syrian war (2011–present), the number and distribution of CL have evolved dramatically. According to the Ministry of Health in Syria, the number of CL cases was 42 221 in 2010 and increased to reach up to 82 275 in 2018, with incidence rate 20.08 cases per 10 000 in 2010 that doubled in 2018 to reach up to 44.99 cases per 10 000 in 2018 [ 2 ]. These dramatic changes can be attributed to the mass-scale displacement of populations within Syria and to other countries, bad environmental conditions and obstacles affronted by the Ministry of Health and Agriculture to control vector and reservoir in many areas, and the impeded access to health facilities [ 2 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A successful treatment of severe lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in an elderly man: a case report

Ahmad

Suleiman

Alshehabi

2020

Oxford Medical Case Reports

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Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is a rare, atypical presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In this report, the authors present the case of a severe LCL in an elderly patient who presented to our dermatology department with severe, painful ulcerated lesion on his midface with cosmetic deformity to his nose. He had a history of CL 3 years ago at the same place. Histopathologic examination showed epidermal and dermal changes with chronic inflammatory infiltrate and no leishmaniasis bodies were detected. He was admitted and treated with systemic glucantime (60 mg/kg) for a month followed by hydroxychloroquine (200 mg twice a day) for another month with favorable outcome. Countries with endemic CL should consider LCL in patients with a history of leishmaniasis and a similar clinical presentation, especially that it could be misdiagnosed with other granulomatous cutaneous conditions, thus leading to cosmetic deformities that can be avoided with early adequate treatment.

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“…This further exposes migrants to communicable diseases associated with poverty, including tuberculosis, ectoparasite (scabies and lice) infestations, HIV infection, and diarrheal diseases (many of which have dermatologic manifestations). Disease vectors and animal reservoirs are also affected—increased cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis have been linked to conflict and mass human migration in the Middle East ( Eroglu and Ozgoztasi, 2019 , Muhjazi et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Human Migration and Infectious Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of climate change on infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations

Coates

Norton

2021

International Journal of Women's Dermatology

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Background Anthropogenic climate change affects the burden of infectious diseases via several interconnected mechanisms. In recent years, there has been greater awareness of the ways in which climate-sensitive infectious diseases pose a growing threat to global public health. Objective This study aimed to categorize and describe the effects of climate change on infectious diseases with skin manifestations. Methods A scoping review of the MEDLINE and PubMed online databases for climate-sensitive infections was performed in February and March 2020. A representative selection of conditions with skin manifestations was included in this review. Results Several representative climate-sensitive infectious diseases were identified in each of the following categories: vector-borne infectious diseases, infectious diseases associated with extreme weather events, and infectious diseases linked to human migration. Conclusion Climate variables directly influence the survival and reproduction of infectious microorganisms, their vectors, and their animal reservoirs. Due to sustained warmer temperatures at higher latitudes, climate change has expanded the geographic range of certain pathogenic microbes. More frequent climate change-related extreme weather events create circumstances where existing infectious microorganisms flourish and novel infections emerge. Climate instability is linked to increased human migration, which disrupts health care infrastructure as well as the habitats of microbes, vectors, and animal reservoirs and leads to widespread poverty and overcrowding. Dermatologists should understand that climate change will affect the burden and geographic distribution of infectious diseases, many of which have cutaneous signs and might be encountered in their regular practice.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011–2018

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Utilization of health services for skin disorders during military operations. A population- based study

Utilization of health services for skin disorders during military operations. A population- based study

A successful treatment of severe lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in an elderly man: a case report

The effects of climate change on infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations

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