Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka

Nawaratna, Sujeevi; Weilgama, D. J.; Wijekoon, Chandana J.; Dissanayake, Manel; Rajapaksha, Kosala

doi:10.3201/eid1307.060773

Cited by 48 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Therefore, this may not be a direct suggestion of zoonotic transmission, rather a peri-domestic nature of transmission, and is in contrast to the findings of the previously conducted studies in Northern Sri Lanka. [24][25][26] Since peri-domestic environment appears to be associated with L. donovani transmission, further spread of infection within Sri Lanka might be unavoidable under present circumstances. Early detection and treatment of patients would therefore, considerably help to contain the situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these studies were limited due to their restricted geographical coverage and the small size of the population covered. With reference to the aforementioned studies, zoonotic transmission was suspected in the Northern parts of the country, during the early stages of the outbreak, [20][21][22][23][24][25] with gender (male), age (between 21 and 40 years) and outdoor occupation as risk factors. The traditional view of anthroponotic L. donovani transmission has been challenged with some evidence pointing towards the presence of animal reservoirs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another limiting factor apparent in the past studies was the primary dependence on passive methods for case detection, where only the patients who were referred to a local hospital were studied, 11,28,33 which may understate disease prevalence, fail to represent geographical boundaries and may not illustrate an unbiased picture of the risk factors involved. 24 Therefore, the current study was aimed at defining disease prevalence and risk factors using more precise methods (active-case detection), 20,24,34,35 in a defined geographical area that is representative of a recognised administrative unit (a district), combined with spatial mapping of study subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Matara district, southern Sri Lanka: evidence for case clustering

Kariyawasam

Edirisuriya

Senerath

et al. 2015

Pathogens and Global Health

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by Phlebotomus spp. sand flies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is caused by Leishmania donovani. Transmission patterns are different in Southern and Northern Sri Lanka. Current study examined the prevalence, risk factors and distribution of CL in Matara District, Southern Sri Lanka. Total of 2260 individuals from four District Secretariat divisions (DSDs) were screened by house to house surveys using an interviewer administered questionnaire. The study population had an age range of 1-90 years (median 5 43 + 17.31), low monthly income (v20 000 LKR, 52.8%) and a male to female ratio of 1 : 2. Thirty eight patients were diagnosed by light microscopy, culture and/or PCR with a disease prevalence of 1.68%. Spatial mapping provided evidence for significant case clustering, which tended to be more prominent with proximity to forest areas. The risk factors identified were un-plastered brick walls, absence or low usage of protective measures against insect bites, low income and excessive time (w4 hours/day) spent outdoors. However, exposure of limbs while outdoors, unawareness about the disease, type of occupation, common water source as the mode of water supply and presence of animal shelters within 200 m were not associated with the risk of acquiring the disease. Peri-domestic transmission is likely to contribute to the observed case clustering with all age groups at risk of acquiring the infection. Human behavioural habits coinciding with that of the vector, sand fly are likely to enable host-vector contact promoting its spread. Appropriate vector control measures, improvement of housing conditions, public education regarding preventive measures are required to contain the spread of disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Matara district, southern Sri Lanka: evidence for case clustering

Kariyawasam

Edirisuriya

Senerath

et al. 2015

Pathogens and Global Health

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“…Previous reports have shown that CL lesions are generally seen on uncovered parts of the body and less often on covered areas. 1,14,[20][21][22][23][24] This is not surprising since these are the areas that are readily accessible by the sandfly. A study in Turkey by Gurel and others 9 reported the location of CL lesions as 57.5% in the head and neck region, 32.2% in the upper extremities, 10.2% in the lower extremities, 0.8% in oral mucosa, 0.2% on the trunk, and no mucosal involvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 About 350 million people in 98 countries are at risk of CL, making it a significant public health problem. 2 Based on the causative species and geographical distribution of the disease, CL is divided into Old World CL (southern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa) and New World CL (Latin America).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Syrian and Turkish Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Turan

Yeşilova

Sürücü

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a significant public health problem with increasing incidence, especially in extreme circumstances. In this study, we compared the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 685 Syrian CL patients afflicted by the Syrian conflict and 685 Turkish CL patients in 2012. Patient age, gender, duration of disease, lesion size, type, and localization were evaluated. The duration of CL disease in Syrian CL patients (4.5 ± 4.3 weeks) was shorter than that of Turkish CL patients (11.9 ± 9.7 weeks). The number of lesions was greater in Syrian patients (2.46 ± 2.43) than in Turkish patients (1.93 ± 1.47). Lesion sizes were comparable between both groups (Syrian, 11.2 ± 8.7 mm; Turkish, 10.7 ± 7.7 mm). In Syrian CL patients, nodular type lesions were the most common (325 patients, 49.1%), whereas, in Turkish CL patients, ulcer type lesions were the most common (352 patients, 51.5%). Our results indicate variations in the clinicoepidemiological features of CL between Turkish and Syrian patients within Sanliurfa province. This highlights the impact of social unrest and environmental conditions on the epidemiology of CL within this region. Approaches to prevention, control, and treatment of CL in these areas should take into consideration the emerging changes in clinicoepidemiological parameters of the disease.

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Leishmaniasis: where are we and where are we heading?

Sasidharan

Saudagar

2021

Parasitol Res

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Sri Lanka

Cited by 48 publications

References 13 publications

Characterisation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Matara district, southern Sri Lanka: evidence for case clustering

Characterisation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Matara district, southern Sri Lanka: evidence for case clustering

A Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Syrian and Turkish Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis: where are we and where are we heading?

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