Cutaneous loxoscelism due to <i>Loxosceles rufescens</i>

Morales-Moreno, Hector J.; Carranza-Rodríguez, Cristina; Borrego, Leopoldo

doi:10.1111/jdv.13274

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…There are only a few published cases of necrotic arachnidism with distinct identification of the culprit spider in Europe, and, worldwide, only a very small proportion of spiders have so far been identified to induce necrotic ulcers ( 2 , 5 , 6 ). Therapeutic strategies therefore remain speculative and empirical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotic Arachnidism in Germany due to Bite of a Dysderidae Spider Probably Imported from South Tyrol, Italy

Zink¹,

Gebhardt²,

Engst³

et al. 2020

Acta Derm Venerol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotic Arachnidism in Germany due to Bite of a Dysderidae Spider Probably Imported from South Tyrol, Italy

Zink¹,

Gebhardt²,

Engst³

et al. 2020

Acta Derm Venerol

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“…In this sense, spiders of the genus Loxosceles spp. are of great medical importance, with several cases reported worldwide [49,50,51,52,53]. In Brazil, these spiders are responsible for thousands of accidents every year (Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação, Ministério da Saúde) and the recommended treatment is the serum therapy [1,27,28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Production of a Recombinant Hybrid Toxin to Raise Protective Antibodies against Loxosceles Spider Venom

Pal

Lhal

Colombini

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Human accidents with spiders of the genus Loxosceles are an important health problem affecting thousands of people worldwide. Patients evolve to severe local injuries and, in many cases, to systemic disturbances as acute renal failure, in which cases antivenoms are considered to be the most effective treatment. However, for antivenom production, the extraction of the venom used in the immunization process is laborious and the yield is very low. Thus, many groups have been exploring the use of recombinant Loxosceles toxins, particularly phospholipases D (PLDs), to produce the antivenom. Nonetheless, some important venom activities are not neutralized by anti-PLD antibodies. Astacin-like metalloproteases (ALMPs) are the second most expressed toxin acting on the extracellular matrix, indicating the importance of its inclusion in the antigen’s formulation to provide a better antivenom. Here we show the construction of a hybrid recombinant immunogen, called LgRec1ALP1, composed of hydrophilic regions of the PLD and the ALMP toxins from Loxosceles gaucho. Although the LgRec1ALP1 was expressed as inclusion bodies, it resulted in good yields and it was effective to produce neutralizing antibodies in mice. The antiserum neutralized fibrinogenolytic, platelet aggregation and dermonecrotic activities elicited by L. gaucho, L. laeta, and L. intermedia venoms, indicating that the hybrid recombinant antigen may be a valuable source for the production of protective antibodies against Loxosceles ssp. venoms. In addition, the hybrid recombinant toxin approach may enrich and expand the alternative antigens for antisera production for other venoms.

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“…Bites of the Loxosceles rufescens spider cause key dermonecrotic consequences, systemic inflammatory reaction and even fatal consequences, especially among children. In this case, the pathophysiological mechanisms of action of toxins are attractive, which consist in the stimulation of apoptosis of epidermal cells by the enzyme sphingomyelinase D, which increases the synthesis of membrane-bound MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cell culture (25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Disruption Of Cellular Homeostasis Of Mammals ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the main point of contact with toxic components of natural venoms that have entered the bloodstream, endotheliocytes perform the function of recognising them by expressing numerous PRRs, among which toll-like receptor (TLR), TNF receptors and IL-1 and cause activation of pro-inflammatory genes and pathological changes in the microcirculation of blood vessels (26,27). Endotheliocytes also express molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II and CD40 ligands, ensuring intravascular presentation of foreign agents, including animal venom toxins, to effector cells of the immune system (28). Endothelial cells modulate function of the immune system by affecting migration of leukocytes.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Disruption Of Cellular Homeostasis Of Mammals ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review)

Matkivska,

Samborska,

Maievskyi

2023

Biomed Rep

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The human body is affected by environmental factors. The dynamic balance between the organism and its environment results from the influence of natural, anthropogenic and social aspects. The factors of exogenous origin determine development of adaptive changes. The present article summarises the mechanisms of animal venom toxins and homeostasis disruption in the body of mammals. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes are associated with shifts in biochemical reactions. Components of the immune, nervous and endocrine systems are key in the host defense and adaptation processes in response to venom by triggering signalling pathways (PI3kinase pathway, arachidonic acid cascade). Animal venom toxins initiate the development of inflammatory processes, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines), ROS, proteolytic enzymes, activate the migration of leukocytes and macrophages. Keratinocytes and endothelial cells act as protective barriers under the action of animal venom toxins on the body of mammals. In addition, the formation of pores in cell membranes, structural changes in cell ion channels are characteristic of the action of animal venom toxins. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mechanisms of disruption of cellular homeostasis of mammals following animal venom toxin exposure 3. Molecular structure and mechanism of action of toxins of venomous animals 4. Conclusion and future perspectives

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Cutaneous loxoscelism due to Loxosceles rufescens

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Necrotic Arachnidism in Germany due to Bite of a Dysderidae Spider Probably Imported from South Tyrol, Italy

Necrotic Arachnidism in Germany due to Bite of a Dysderidae Spider Probably Imported from South Tyrol, Italy

Design and Production of a Recombinant Hybrid Toxin to Raise Protective Antibodies against Loxosceles Spider Venom

Effect of animal venom toxins on the main links of the homeostasis of mammals (Review)

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