Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in Lusaka, Zambia

In sorrow to bring forth children: fertility amidst the plague of HIV

“…While knowledge of male infection rates is fairly limited, studies of African couples consistently find that about .3 to .4 of the male partners of HIV infected females and .3 to .4 of the female partners of infected males are themselves HIV negative (Carpenter et al 1999, Gray et al 1998, Hira et al 1990and Serwadda et al 1995. This suggests that, adjusting for the age difference between male and female partners, male and female infection rates are roughly the same, an assumption that is borne out by DHS seroprevalence data.…”

“…To this end, Table X uses an ordered logit model to estimate the influence of communal HIV infection on a DHS individual's progression through the ordinal categories of no schooling to primary, then secondary and, in the case of young adults, possibly tertiary 37 I include country specific dummies for dual orphans (with both parents dead) since Case et al (2004) find an increased effect from the death of both parents, as do I. Although cross sectional studies of African couples find that .3 to .4 of the partners of infected males and females are HIV negative (Carpenter et al 1999, Gray et al 1998, Hira et al 1990and Serwadda et al 1995, seroconversion over time suggests that most AIDS orphans will ultimately be dual orphans. 38 On this, see the surveys of the Monitoring Learning Achievement Project (Chinapah et al 2000 andStrauss 1999), which find, for example, that more than .20 of 4th grade students in Madagascar, Malawi, and South Africa had repeated grade 1, while .15 or more of 4th grade students were repeating that grade in Botswana, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, and Uganda.…”

Transmission of HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa and effect of elimination of unsafe injections

“…Differences in HIV-1 is effectively transmitted by sex, as shown by high rates of infection among couples. [48][49][50] Furthermore, concordant infections among couples, when examined in the context of a household, allow an examination of the contribution of sexual transmission to total numbers of infections. If injections were a frequent mode of transmission, infections clustered exclusively among adults in a household would be unexpected.…”

“…If injections were a frequent mode of transmission, infections clustered exclusively among adults in a household would be unexpected. Hira and colleagues 48 studied 228 families in each of which one adult had HIV-1: of 150 men, 92 (61·3%) had infected wives; of 78 infected women, 57 (73·1%) had infected husbands; of 144 children aged younger than 5 years, 36 (25%) were infected and all had infected mothers; and of 120 children aged 5-10 years, three were infected (mother's serostatus not reported). Unless there are huge disparities in injection practices between children and adults, only sexual transmission can explain the seroprevalence differences by age.…”

Paediatric oncology in developing countries

“…This is a pre-neoplastic disease, in particular for Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitt and other B-lymphomas, and atypical Hodgkin disease [25,39,47,50]. AIDS is a rapidly growing health problem in developing countries [2,18] and progressively more children are found to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ [37]. For example, in 1989, 8% of all children admitted to Rubaga hospital (Kampala, Uganda) were HIV infected [56].…”