Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with many clinical manifestations. The skin is one of the target organs most variably affected by the disease. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) established 11 criteria as a classificatory instrument to operationalise the definition of SLE in clinical trials. They were not intended to be used to diagnose individuals and do not do well in that capacity. Cutaneous lesions account for four of these 11 revised criteria of SLE. Skin lesions in patients with lupus may be specific or nonspecific. This paper covers the SLE-specific cutaneous changes: malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, and oral mucosal lesions as well as SLE nonspecific skin manifestations, their pathophysiology, and management. A deeper thorough understanding of the cutaneous manifestations of SLE is essential for diagnosis, prognosis, and efficient management. Thus, dermatologists should cooperate with other specialties to provide optimal care of SLE patient.

CXCL13 as a new biomarker of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis – from bench to bedside?

“…It is well known that various organs can be affected by SLE [16][17][18]; however, LN belongs to the most severe complication of SLE. Even though there has been a slight decrease in mortality, the treatment strategies of LN are still not satisfactory with respect to remission induction and unwanted toxic effects [19,20].…”

Effectiveness of Intralesional Bleomycin Sclerotherapy for Lymphangioma in Children

“…In a few cases, the lesions even enlarged after some weeks post-IBS probably as a result of edema, as recurrences are much rare according to previous studies [1,2] . Inflammation in terms of erythma and edema tend to occur more frequently probably because of the use of bleomycin sclerotherapy [19] . However, since most of the studies reviewed do not carry out long-term evaluation of patients, it is possible that recurrence rates may be higher, and which may not be accounted for merely by inflammation arising as a result of the use of bleomycin.…”

Coexistence of Erythromelalgia and Raynaud's Phenomenon in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient

“…Non-specific skin symptoms associated with lupus erythematosus are mainly observed in SLE and are important symptoms from a dermatologist's viewpoint because they are critical indicators of disease activity. Cutaneous manifestations related to, but not specific to SLE, include cutaneous vasculitis, periungual telangiectasia, urticarial vasculitis, livedo reticularis, atrophie blanche, and bullous lesions [10]. RP is also seen in 15% to 30% of patients [11] and EM is rarely observed [12].…”