Cutaneous non-allergic complications in tattoos: An overview of the literature

Huisman, Sanne; Bent, S A S van der; Maijer, Karen I.; Tio, Darryl; Rustemeyer, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104049

Cited by 16 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We categorized tattoo complications into inflammatory tattoo reactions, infections, neoplasms, and miscellaneous reactions. An overview of reported tattoo‐associated (dermatological) complications is shown in Table 3 9,10 . In our study, the vast majority (78.2%) of all complications were inflammatory reactions, followed by miscellaneous reaction in 44 cases (14.3%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…An overview of reported tattoo-associated (dermatological) complications is shown in Table 3. 9,10 In our study, the vast majority (78.2%) of all complications were inflammatory reactions, followed by miscellaneous reaction in 44 cases (14.3%). Infections and neoplasms accounted for only 10 (3.3%) and 2 (0.6%) cases, respectively.…”

Section: Inflammatory Tattoo Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Other: scar(1), keloid(1), misapplication(1) overworked tattoo(1), post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (1), pigment changes (1), forced tattoo (2), naevus(1).TA B L E 2 Patient, tattoo, and symptom characteristics of 308 tattoo complications in 301 patientsOther include henna, traumatic tattoo or unknown.b Other inflammatory include allergy to other colors /products(11), autoimmune reactions (8), other(9).TA B L E 2 (Continued)and planae. The vast majority of these reactions occurred within one week after tattooing with the exception of one case of verrucae planae occurring 4 years after completion of the tattoo.Of the total, neoplasms accounted for 2 cases (basal cell carcinoma) and miscellaneous (Figure4) for 44 cases including a blow-out (3), neurosensoric tattoo reaction (5), photograph induced complications (4), scars and keloids (2), and traumatic tattoos(5).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Complications of tattoos and permanent makeup: overview and analysis of 308 cases

Bent

Rauwerdink

Oyen

et al. 2021

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background: Worldwide 10-20% of the population is tattooed. However, tattoo complications can occur, such as allergic tattoo reactions, infections, and manifestations of autoimmune dermatoses. Despite the growing popularity of tattoos and changes in tattoo ink composition over the last decades, little is known about these complications, its clinical aspects, pathomechanism, and relative occurrence.Objective: The aim of this article is to describe the types and clinical aspects of dermatological tattoo complications, its relative occurrence and underlying conditions. Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study enrolling all patients with tattoo complications from the Tattoo Clinic. Tattoo complications were categorized into infections, inflammatory tattoo reactions, neoplasms, or miscellaneous reactions and correlated to clinical data.Results: Of the total of 326 patients, 301 patients were included with 308 complications. The majority of the complications were chronic: 91.9%. Allergic red tattoo reactions and chronic inflammatory black tattoo reactions (CIBTR) accounted for 50.2% and 18.2%, respectively, of all tattoo complications. Of these CIBTR reactions, extracutaneous involvement was found in 21.4%, including tattoo-associated uveitis (7.1%) and systemic sarcoidosis (14.2%). Of all black tattoo reactions, systemic sarcoidosis was found in 7.8%. Conclusion:Tattoos can cause a wide range in complications that may start years after getting the tattoo. The most frequent tattoo reactions are allergic red tattoo reactions and chronic inflammatory black tattoo reactions, making these the most relevant for the dermatologist. CIBTR have a high percentage of multi-organ involvement, and therefore, screening for sarcoidosis, including ocular involvement, is advised.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Inflammatory Tattoo Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 49%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complications of tattoos and permanent makeup: overview and analysis of 308 cases

Bent

Rauwerdink

Oyen

et al. 2021

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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“…Now, more than 5250 years later, many Europeans have followed his example: 14% of the European population had one or more tattoos in 2016, and the number is increasing 2 . This development is accompanied by a rise in associated clinical complications, including infections, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, scars, keloids, and various pigment changes 3,4 . Some of these complications may be partly attributed to the mechanical aspect of tattooing, which has remained largely undefined 5,6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 This development is accompanied by a rise in associated clinical complications, including infections, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, scars, keloids, and various pigment changes. 3 , 4 Some of these complications may be partly attributed to the mechanical aspect of tattooing, which has remained largely undefined. 5 , 6 By repetitively inserting a needle into the skin, microtrauma is introduced which in itself may cause inflammation, but which also creates ports of entry for potential pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin

et al. 2021

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Background The number of people within the European population having at least one tattoo has increased notably, and with it the number of tattoo‐associated clinical complications. Despite this, safety information and testing regarding tattoo inks remain limited. Objective To assess cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of 16 tattoo inks after intradermal injection into reconstructed human skin (RHS). Methods Commercially available tattoo inks were injected intradermally into RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel) using a permanent makeup device. RHS biopsies, tissue sections, and culture medium were assessed for cytotoxicity (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]), detrimental histological changes (haematoxylin and eosin staining), and the presence of inflammatory and sensitization cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1α, IL‐8, IL‐18; enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Results Varying degrees of reduced metabolic activity and histopathological cytotoxic effects were observed in RHS after ink injection. Five inks showed significantly reduced metabolic activity and enhanced sensitization potential compared with negative controls. Discussion Using the RHS model system, four tattoo inks were identified as highly cytotoxic and classified as potential sensitizers, suggesting that allergic contact dermatitis could emerge in individuals carrying these inks. These results indicate that an RHS‐based assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential by intradermal tattoo ink injection is a useful analytical tool to determine ink‐induced deleterious effects.

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Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid

Pazos

Elani

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for continuous and long‐term health monitoring in point of care devices. The replacement of tattoo pigments with optical biosensors aims a promising alternative for monitoring blood biomarkers. Tattoo inks functionalization enables the control of interstitial biomarkers with correlated concentrations in plasma, to diagnose diseases, evaluate progression, and prevent complications associated with physio pathological disorders or medication mismatches. The specific biomarkers in interstitial fluid provide a new source of information, especially for skin diseases. The study of tattoo inks displays insufficient regulation in their composition, a lack of reports of the related complications, and a need for further studies on their degradation kinetics. This review focuses on tattoo optical biosensors for monitoring dermal interstitial biomarkers and discusses the clinical advantages and main challenges for in vivo implantation. Tattoo functionalization provides a minimally invasive, reversible, biocompatible, real‐time sensing with long‐term permanence and multiplexing capabilities for the control, diagnosis, and prevention of illness; it enables self‐controlling management by the patient, but also the possibility of sending the records to the doctor.

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Cutaneous non-allergic complications in tattoos: An overview of the literature

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Complications of tattoos and permanent makeup: overview and analysis of 308 cases

Complications of tattoos and permanent makeup: overview and analysis of 308 cases

Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin

Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid

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