Cutting Edge: Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin Generates a Population of CD4+CD25+ Cells with Characteristics of Regulatory T Cells

Funatake, Castle; Marshall, Nikki B.; Steppan, Linda B.; Mourich, Dan V.; Kerkvliet, Nancy I.

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4184

Cited by 204 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…They are at variance with the enhanced IL-22 production and concomitant enhanced IL-17A production observed in the presence of FICZ and TCDD in the mouse [27][28][29]. TCDD was, in addition, shown to induce Treg in the mouse [25,26], whereas in our in vitro system we could not trace the emergence of Treg as far as TCDD did not upregulate the expression of FOXP3, nor the production of IL-10 and TGF-b. All together, these data stress a fundamental function of AHR in modulating the adaptive immune response with subtle but interesting differences between human and mouse T cells.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…AHR binds to, and is activated by a range of structurally divergent chemicals including natural dietary, endogenous ligands, and synthetic environmental agents among which dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)) is the most extensively studied pure agonist [23,24]. In the mouse, AHR is reported to regulate Th17 and Treg differentiation in ligand-specific fashion [25][26][27] and natural AHR agonists favor Th17 differentiation in vitro and enhanced IL-22 production [27][28][29][30]. Human lymphocytes may, however, behave differently and in a recent report AHR agonists appear to favor IL-22 but not IL-17 production [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reveals distinct requirements for IL‐22 and IL‐17 production by human T helper cells

Ramirez¹,

Brembilla²,

Sorg³

et al. 2010

Eur J Immunol

164

141

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Ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor mediating the effects of dioxin, favor Th17 differentiation and exacerbate autoimmunity in mice. We investigated how AHR ligands affected human T-cell polarization. We found that the high affinity and stable AHR-ligand dioxin as well as the natural AHR-ligand 6-formylinolo [3,2-b] carbazole induced the downstream AHR-target cytochrome P450A1, and without affecting IFN-c, they enhanced IL-22 while simultaneously decreasing IL-17A production by CD4 1 T cells. The specific AHRinhibitor CH-223191 abolished these effects. Furthermore, blockade of IL-23 and IL-1, important for Th17 expansion, profoundly decreased IL-17A but not IL-22 production. AHR agonists reduced the expression of the Th17 master transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor C (RORC), without affecting T-bet, GATA-3 and Foxp3. They also decreased the expression of the IL-23 receptor. Importantly, AHR-ligation did not only decrease the number of Th17 cells but also primed naïve CD4 1 T cells to produce IL-22 without IL-17 and IFN-c. Furthermore, IL-22 single producers did not express CD161, which distinguished them from the CD161 1 Th17 cells. Hence, our data provide compelling evidence that AHR activation participates in shaping human CD4 1 T-cell polarization favoring the emergence of a distinct subset of IL-22-producing cells that are independent from the Th17 lineage. IntroductionLocal cytokine milieu during antigen presentation profoundly affects the differentiation program of CD4 1 T cells [1]. In the mouse, TGF-b, in the presence of IL-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, favors the emergence of Th17 cells that produce IL-17 and express the master transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)gt [2][3][4][5][6]. Th17 cells are expanded and terminally differentiated in the presence of . Human Th17 cells may be generated in the presence of IL-1 and IL-23; IL-1 and IL-6; or . Th17 cells express CCR6 and 2450produce the CCR6-ligand CCL20, thereby amplifying Th17 cell recruitment at sites of inflammation [11]. IL-22, a member of the IL-10-family, is produced by Th17 cells, and to some extent by Th1 cells, NKT cells, NK cells and lymphoid tissue inducer-like cells [12]. IL-22 signals via a receptor consisting of IL-22R and IL-10R2 subunits [11]. Cells of hemapoietic origin do not express IL-22R; instead, IL-2R is highly expressed by epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and the skin. In the mouse, IL-23 was shown to drive preferential expansion of cells that co-express IL-22 and IL-17, that may synergize to augment the expression of genes involved in defense against microbial pathogens [13,14]. However, several mouse models of infection and autoimmunity suggested distinct roles for .In addition to cytokines, other mediators may impact CD4 1 T-cell differentiation. We and others have shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) favors human Th17 expansion [20][21][22]. Furthermore, ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) exert a role. AHR is a...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reveals distinct requirements for IL‐22 and IL‐17 production by human T helper cells

Ramirez¹,

Brembilla²,

Sorg³

et al. 2010

Eur J Immunol

164

141

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…T reg play an important role in the prevention of autoimmune disease and the regulation of immune responses to bacteria, tumors, and in GVH responses (63,64); however, the role of T reg in CD8 ϩ T cell responses during viral infection is less clear (65). Nevertheless, it was shown recently that in the context of a GVH response, AhR activation by TCDD stimulated a CD4 ϩ CD62L low CD25 ϩ subpopulation that expresses glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor and CTLA-4, suggesting a role for T reg in TCDD-mediated suppression of CD8 ϩ T cell responses (66).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Impairs the Priming but Not the Recall of Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Lung

Lawrence

Roberts

Neumiller

et al. 2006

The Journal of Immunology

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The response of CD8+ T cells to influenza virus is very sensitive to modulation by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists; however, the mechanism underlying AhR-mediated alterations in CD8+ T cell function remains unclear. Moreover, very little is known regarding how AhR activation affects anamnestic CD8+ T cell responses. In this study, we analyzed how AhR activation by the pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters the in vivo distribution and frequency of CD8+ T cells specific for three different influenza A virus epitopes during and after the resolution of a primary infection. We then determined the effects of TCDD on the expansion of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells during recall challenge. Adoptive transfer of AhR-null CD8+ T cells into congenic AhR+/+ recipients, and the generation of CD45.2AhR−/−→CD45.1AhR+/+ chimeric mice demonstrate that AhR-regulated events within hemopoietic cells, but not directly within CD8+ T cells, underlie suppressed expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during primary infection. Using a dual-adoptive transfer approach, we directly compared the responsiveness of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells created in the presence or absence of TCDD, which revealed that despite profound suppression of the primary response to influenza virus, the recall response of virus-specific CD8+ T cells that form in the presence of TCDD is only mildly impaired. Thus, the delayed kinetics of the recall response in TCDD-treated mice reflects the fact that there are fewer memory cells at the time of reinfection rather than an inherent defect in the responsive capacity of virus-specific memory CD8+ cells.

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“…Interestingly, it has been recently reported that Ahr is a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase (21), implying that Ahr has dual functions in controlling intracellular protein levels, serving both as a transcriptional factor to promote the induction of target proteins and as a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase to regulate selective protein degradation. It has been reported that Ahr activated by ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) regulates the generation of regulatory T cells (Treg) and modulates the Th1/Th2 balance (22,23). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of how Ahr is involved in immune regulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates Stat1 activation and participates in the development of Th17 cells

Kimura

Naka

Nohara

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

456

418

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IL-17-producing T helper cells (Th17) have been recently identified as a previously undescribed subset of helper T cells. Here, we demonstrate that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) has an important regulatory function in the commitment of Th17 cells. Ahr was robustly induced under Th17-polarizing conditions. Ahr-deficient naïve T cells showed a considerable loss in the ability to differentiate into Th17 cells when induced by TGF-␤ plus IL-6. We were able to demonstrate that Ahr interacts with Stat1 and Stat5, which negatively regulate Th17 development. Whereas Stat1 activation returned to its basal level in Ahr wild type naïve T cells 24 h after stimulation with TGF-␤ plus IL-6, Stat1 remained activated in Ahr-deficient naïve T cells after stimulation. These results indicate that Ahr participates in Th17 cell differentiation through regulating Stat1 activation, a finding that constitutes additional mechanisms in the modulation of Th17 cell development. It has been demonstrated that these Th17 cells are associated with autoimmune conditions, such as experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) (1-3). Th17 differentiation is regulated by various cytokines. Th17 differentiation was induced by TGF-␤ and IL-6 in mice, and IL-1␤ but not TGF-␤, has been shown to participate in the development of Th17 cells together with IL-6 in humans (2, 4). The development of Th17 cells is regulated negatively by IFN-␥, IL-27, and IL-2, the signals of which are dependent on Stat1 (IFN-␥ and IL-27) and Stat5 (IL-2), respectively (5-7). The orphan nuclear receptors, retinoid-related orphan receptor ␥ (ROR␥) and ROR␣, have been identified as the key transcription factors that determine the differentiation of Th17 lineage (8, 9). More recently, two groups have reported that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) activated by its ligand regulates Treg and Th17 cell development (10, 11). However, it is not clear how Ahr participates in the development of Th17 cells. In this paper, we demonstrate that Ahr is involved in the differentiation of Th17 cells by regulating Stat1 activation, which suppresses Th17 cell differentiation, under Th17-polarizing conditions. Ahr, also known as dioxin receptor, is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to the basic-helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM family (12,13). Ahr is present in the cytoplasm, where it forms a complex with heat shock protein (HSP) 90, Ahr-interacting protein (AIP), and p23 (14-16). Upon binding with a ligand, Ahr undergoes a conformation change, translocates to the nucleus, and dimerizes with Ahr nuclear translocator (Arnt). Within the nucleus, the Ahr/Arnt heterodimer binds to a specific sequence, designated as the xenobiotic responsive element (XRE), which causes a variety of toxicological effects (17)(18)(19)(20). Interestingly, it has been recently reported that Ahr is a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase (21), implying that Ahr has dual functions in controlling intracellular protein levels, serving both as a transcriptional factor to prom...

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Cutting Edge: Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Generates a Population of CD4+CD25+ Cells with Characteristics of Regulatory T Cells

Cited by 204 publications

References 33 publications

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reveals distinct requirements for IL‐22 and IL‐17 production by human T helper cells

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reveals distinct requirements for IL‐22 and IL‐17 production by human T helper cells

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Impairs the Priming but Not the Recall of Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Lung

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates Stat1 activation and participates in the development of Th17 cells

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