Cutting Heads or Winning Hearts: Late Colonial Portuguese Counterinsurgency and the Wiriyamu Massacre of 1972

Reis, Bruno Cardoso; Oliveira, Pedro Aires

doi:10.1080/13698249.2012.654690

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Reis and Oliveira have rightly highlighted that his claim that "he had orders to 'kill everyone'" do "not fit entirely smoothly" with other evidence. 108 And as already pointed out earlier, his recollections of Portuguese soldiers being trained to be cold killers barely correspond to the reality of Portuguese warfare of that time. Nevertheless (or because of that), his testimonies have played an important role in Dhada's reconstruction of the sequence of the massacre.…”

Section: Assumption V: the Commander Of The Assault Operation Was Jus...mentioning

confidence: 87%

Wiriyamu and the Colonial Archive: Reading It Against the Grain? Along the Grain? Read It at All!

Zeman

2023

Hist. Afr.

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“The archives are silent.” The starting point of this article is the alleged non-existence of archival sources on the Portuguese massacre of Wiriyamu (1972). The article proves this claim to be false and shows how the available sources can be used to improve our knowledge of the massacre. The article suggests that scholars’ ignorance of these sources is connected to general misconceptions about colonial archives and their alleged silence on wartime atrocities, which are based on the belief that such atrocities do only appear in the sources, if they are read against the grain. Revealing the explicit presence of war atrocities in the sources, the article argues that the legitimate concern about reading such sources against the grain should not prevent us from reading them at all.

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Section: Assumption V: the Commander Of The Assault Operation Was Jus...mentioning

confidence: 87%

Wiriyamu and the Colonial Archive: Reading It Against the Grain? Along the Grain? Read It at All!

Zeman

2023

Hist. Afr.

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“…Mozambique during the anticolonial war, when the Portuguese colonial regime indiscriminately targeted potential collaborators of the liberation movement (Reis and Oliveira 2012). The high cost of military stalemates has led analysts to contend that conflict parties should prefer negotiated settlements to wars of attrition (Zartman 1989).…”

Section: The Timing Of Community-initiated Militia Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Resistance

Jentzsch¹

2022

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Why do communities form militias to defend themselves against violence during civil war? Using original interviews with former combatants and civilians and archival material from extensive fieldwork in Mozambique, Corinna Jentzsch's Violent Resistance explains the timing, location and process through which communities form militias. Jentzsch shows that local military stalemates characterized by ongoing violence allow civilians to form militias that fight alongside the government against rebels. Militias spread only to communities in which elites are relatively unified, preventing elites from coopting militias for private gains. Crucially, militias that build on preexisting social conventions are able to resonate with the people and empower them to regain agency over their lives. Jentzsch's innovative study brings conceptual clarity to the militia phenomenon and helps us understand how wartime civilian agency, violent resistance, and the rise of third actors beyond governments and rebels affect the dynamics of civil war, on the African continent and beyond.

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“…55 The 1972 massacre at Wiriyamu was known in Lourenço Marques, and there was talk of the violence in the north. 56 However, to her surprise she was promptly ordered to meet General Kaúlza de Arriaga at her house, where she was questioned about why she had cancelled the fieldtrip. In the general's view, Mueda was a safe place to which young students might travel.…”

Section: Late Colonialism and The Creation Of A Geography Degree In Mozambiquementioning

confidence: 99%

Portuguese tropical geography and decolonization in Africa: the case of Mozambique

Sarmento

2019

Journal of Historical Geography

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Cutting Heads or Winning Hearts: Late Colonial Portuguese Counterinsurgency and the Wiriyamu Massacre of 1972

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Wiriyamu and the Colonial Archive: Reading It Against the Grain? Along the Grain? Read It at All!

Wiriyamu and the Colonial Archive: Reading It Against the Grain? Along the Grain? Read It at All!

Violent Resistance

Portuguese tropical geography and decolonization in Africa: the case of Mozambique

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