Cutting Tools Research Committee. Report on an Experimental Study of the Forces Exerted on the Surface of a Cutting Tool

Stanton, T E; Hyde, Jason

doi:10.1243/pime_proc_1925_108_016_02

Cited by 7 publications

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“…Finally, it is noted in this issue celebrating 50 years of the Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science that the Institution has a long history of reporting machining research. In 1925 it published two reports of the Cutting Tools Research Committee [16,17], which were of great significance to the field. Atkins [18] reviewed the work in detail in 2004 in JMES.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring fracture toughness from machining tests

Patel

Blackman

Williams

2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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An analysis of the forces involved in orthogonal cutting or machining is presented in which yielding on a shear plane is assumed. The fracture toughness Gc is included and it is observed that Gc may be determined by measuring the cutting and transverse forces together with the chip thickness for a range of cutting depths. This latter measurement enabled the shear plane angle ϕ to be determined experimentally. A simplified version of the analysis is also given in which ϕ is predicted by a cutting force minimization scheme. Neither scheme requires any details of the friction condition to be known since the transverse force is sufficient information for any type to be included in the analysis. A friction model including a coefficient of friction and an adhesion toughness is also utilized. Data for both polymer and metal cutting are taken from the literature and Gc is determined. In some datasets the tool rake angle α is also varied and the values of Gc and the yield stress σY are found to be independent of α. The force minimization method gives a good estimate of ϕ for most polymers. For metals (aluminium alloy, steel, and brass) the method worked well. For aluminium alloy Gc was independent of α and the predicted and measured ϕ values agreed. For steel and brass this was not so. Gc was mostly independent of α except at low values where high values of Gc were observed. A constant value of the coefficient of friction was observed for each α value but values for both the coefficient of friction and the adhesion toughness varied significantly with increasing rake angle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring fracture toughness from machining tests

Patel

Blackman

Williams

2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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“…2. It is also the case that the well-known quasi-linear plots of tool force components versus uncut chip thickness for cutting metals, reported by Stanton and Hyde [2] in the companion 1925 paper, are displayed when cutting wood and plastics. Such force plots have positive intercepts on the force ordinate which, as shown in reference [3], are measures of the fracture toughness of the workpiece.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Depending upon conditions, the transition point H can occur between A and E in (b) above, between E and C or to the right of C, thus producing transitions from continuous to tear, continuous to discontinuous to tear, or continuous to discontinuous to continuous to tear respectively force plot to curve downwards near the origin. At larger uncut chip thicknesses the behaviour is quasi-linear [2,3] because f, g and Q are more or less constant in equation (1). Recall that the actual t 0 at which quasi-linearity sets in depends upon the material R/t y since 1=Z ¼ ðt y =RÞt 0 .…”

Section: Delineation Of Different Regions Of Chip Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1925, two papers appeared in the Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on studies performed at the behest of the Cutting Tools Research Committee of the Institution. The papers were entitled 'Report on the flow and rupture of metals during cutting' by Rosenhain and Sturney (RS) [1] and 'An experimental study of the forces exerted on the surface of a cutting tool' by Stanton and Hyde [2]. It might be thought that these papers are by now old fashioned and that what they had to say has been overtaken by all the experimental and theoretical work done over the past three-quarters of a century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rosenhain and Sturney revisited: The ‘tear’ chip in cutting interpreted in terms of modern ductile fracture mechanics

Atkins

2004

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Rosenhain and Sturney in 1925 identified the 'tear' chip, in addition to the well-known types of chip found in metal cutting, namely continuous with or without a built-up edge and discontinuous. Tear chips occur at deep uncut chip thicknesses and, since their formation results in undesirable surface finish, they have been largely ignored in subsequent analyses of machining. A recent paper by Atkins shows that metal cutting is from the class of ductile fracture problems where there is complete plastic collapse in the formation of the chip. It was demonstrated that incorporation of significant work of surface separation (ductile fracture toughness), in analyses of machining with continuous chip formation, explains many features of metal cutting which traditional 'plasticity and friction only' treatments cannot, in particular why the primary shear plane angle is material dependent. It also explained why finite element simulations of machining have to employ a 'separation criterion' at the tool tip. The new model is extended in this paper to predict quantitatively the conditions under which the tear chip forms. The production of other well-known types of chip is also considered, and the results are applied to diagrams relating combinations of tool rake angle and uncut chip thickness at which different types of chip are formed. It is demonstrated that the analysis has general applicability to the cutting of other materials such as plastics and wood for which similar diagrams exist.

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2009

The Science and Engineering of Cutting

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Cutting Tools Research Committee. Report on an Experimental Study of the Forces Exerted on the Surface of a Cutting Tool

Cited by 7 publications

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Measuring fracture toughness from machining tests

Measuring fracture toughness from machining tests

Rosenhain and Sturney revisited: The ‘tear’ chip in cutting interpreted in terms of modern ductile fracture mechanics

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