Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts

Munkes, Britta; Löptien, Ulrike; Dietze, Heiner

doi:10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 269 publications

(411 reference statements)

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“…The summer cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic proper, and increasingly in recent years in the Bothnian Sea, is considered one of the main problems of Baltic Sea eutrophication, and the nitrogen fixation it carries out is an important process in Baltic ecosystem models (Munkes et al, 2021). It has long been considered limited by the availability of phosphorus (Larsson et al, 1985;Granéli et al, 1990).…”

Section: Lower Trophic Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Are sediment trap measurements gross underestimates, or are there unidentified sites of denitrification or other overlooked nitrogen sinks in the water column? Nitrogen fixation is a central process in Baltic ecosystem models, and better observationally based estimates of processes in the nitrogen cycle are required for assessing their credibility (Munkes et al, 2021).…”

Section: Lower Trophic Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region: A Summary

Meier

Kniebusch

Dieterich

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarized and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focusses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in paleo-, historical and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments remain still valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, e.g. for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution and new scenario simulations with improved models, e.g. for glaciers, lake ice and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before, because more models can be included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth System have been studied and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication and climate change. New data sets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal time scales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first paleoclimate simulations regionalized for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA) and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics is dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterized by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern sub-basins and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern sub-basins.

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Section: Lower Trophic Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lower Trophic Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region: A Summary

Meier

Kniebusch

Dieterich

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…This indicates that acid rain has an adverse effect on surrounding ecosystems Experimental study, CC effects on causative agent [ 39 ] Wu et al, 2014 China Temperature and heavy rainfall frequency Water quality In Beijing, the undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency affect water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes, that becoming worse under climate change trend Cross-section study, CC effects on causative agent [ 40 ] Dorbac et al 2016 Serbia High temperature Water and fish samples Sampling of the water and fish (common carp, ( Cyprinus carpio ) was performed. and were found to contain saxitoxin, microcystin, and/or nodularin Cross-section study, CC effects on causative agent [ 41 ] Lad et al, 2019 Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Mice Exposure to MC-LR at levels that results in significant exacerbation of hepatic injury Experimental study, CC effects on causative agent, and liver diseases [ 44 ] Munkes et al, 2021 Baltic Sea Global warming Cyanobacteria (CyanoHAB) There is a synergism between global warming and eutrophication, that simultaneously intensification of CyanoHAB Review, CC effects on causative agent [ 46 ] Lürling et al, 2018 Global Global warming Surface water and cyanobacteria Global warming stimulates growth of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria and increase the cellular toxicity levels directly and indirectly Experimental study, CC effects on causative agent [ 47 ] El-Shehawy et al, 2012 Global Global warming …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, high atmospheric temperature leads to increase in the stratification and lowers the viscosity of seawater which is favorable to CyanoHAB growth [ 40 ]. Thus, there is a synergism between global warming and eutrophication, which is simultaneous with intensification of CyanoHAB [ 44 ]. It has been reported, in a multi-lake analysis, that cyanobacteria appeared more sensitive to the interaction of nutrients and temperature in more eutrophic lakes [ 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Climate Change in Changing Hepatic Health Maps

Saad-Hussein

Ramadan

Bareedy

et al. 2022

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Purpose of Review Climate change (CC) is currently responsible for global weather extremes. These weather extremes could contribute to changes in the pattern of health problems. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of CC on remapping of hepatic diseases and the mechanisms of re-mapping. Recent Findings CC was found to have a major influence on the distribution and severity of hepatic diseases, such as outbreaks of vector-borne, water or food-borne, parasitic diseases, re-emerging of disappeared diseases, or emerging of new forms of infectious agents. Migration of infected people from endemic areas due to the CC disasters results in rapid dissemination of infectious diseases that leads to outbreaks or endemicity of diseases in new areas. CC could cause increasing chemical emissions, or change in its biodegradability, or restriction in its dispersion, such as PM, PAHs, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and aquatic toxins. Increase in the concentrations of these chemicals may have significant impacts in changing the health map of hepatic toxicity and liver cancer. Summary The current review confirms the role of CC in changing the pattern of several liver health problems and remapping of these problems in several regions of the world. This review could be of high importance to the health decision-makers as an early alarm and prediction of hepatic health problems with the projected CC.

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“…In this work, we have used a CLC model that includes benthic and pelagic akinetes from which the summer blooms originate. Research has shown that the life cycles of the different major bloom forming taxa are complex and there is no single answer on how they start growing after winter (Munkes et al 2021). Experiments have suggested that all taxa form akinetes to some extent but the summer bloom of Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Sea

Hieronymus

Eilola

Olofsson

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Dense blooms of filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacteria are formed every summer in the Baltic Sea. These autotrophic organisms may bypass nitrogen limitation by performing nitrogen fixation, which also governs surrounding organisms by releasing bioavailable nitrogen. The magnitude of the nitrogen fixation is important to estimate from a management perspective since this might counteract eutrophication reduction measures. Here, a cyanobacteria life cycle model has been implemented for the first time in a high-resolution 3D coupled physical and biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea spanning the years 1850–2008. The explicit consideration of life cycle dynamics and transitions significantly improves the representation of the cyanobacterial phenological patterns. Compared to earlier 3D-modelling efforts, the rapid increase and decrease of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea is well captured by our developed model and is now in concert with observations. The current improvement in timing of cyanobacteria blooms had a large effect on the estimated nitrogen fixation load and is in agreement with in situ measurements. By performing four phosphorus sensitivity runs we demonstrate the importance of both organic and inorganic phosphorus availability for historical cyanobacterial biomass estimates. The used model combination can be used to continuously estimate internal nitrogen loads via nitrogen fixation in Baltic Sea ecosystem management, which is of extra importance in a future ocean with changed conditions for the filamentous cyanobacteria.

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Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts

Cited by 39 publications

References 269 publications

Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region: A Summary

Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region: A Summary

Role of Climate Change in Changing Hepatic Health Maps

Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Sea

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