Cyanobacterial Cell Walls: News from an Unusual Prokaryotic Envelope

Hoiczyk, Egbert; Hansel, Alfred

doi:10.1128/jb.182.5.1191-1199.2000

Cited by 421 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…However, our results put the previous notion into question that porins of cyanobacteria are smaller because of "the photoautotrophic lifestyle" of cyanobacteria, which requires porins that are only large enough to facilitate the uptake of small solutes, such as ions, from their environment, whereas biopolymers are synthesized by the bacteria themselves (61). We observed uptake of ethidium (394 Da) and erythromycin (734 Da; Figs.…”

Section: An Anaomp85-independent Insertion Of Hgdd Into the Outercontrasting

confidence: 44%

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The TolC-like Protein HgdD of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Is Involved in Secondary Metabolite Export and Antibiotic Resistance

Hahn

Stevanovic

Mirus

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background:The metabolite and antibiotic export system of cyanobacteria is largely unexplored. Results: Uptake of ethidium bromid by Anabaena sp. depends on porin-type activity while its seceretion relies on HgdD. Conclusion:The antibiotic export of cyanobacteria involves a proton gradient-driven TolC activity and MFS-type proteins. Significance: TolC of Anabaena sp. is placed in the context of antibiotic uptake and export.

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Section: An Anaomp85-independent Insertion Of Hgdd Into the Outercontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…18, 19, and 60). The extension is thought to serve as a link of the proteins to the peptidoglycan layer (61), which has a defined distance to the outer membrane (e.g. see Ref.…”

Section: An Anaomp85-independent Insertion Of Hgdd Into the Outermentioning

confidence: 99%

The TolC-like Protein HgdD of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Is Involved in Secondary Metabolite Export and Antibiotic Resistance

Hahn

Stevanovic

Mirus

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…However, the siderophoremediated iron uptake pathway described in non-photosynthetic bacteria has not been fully confirmed in cyanobacterial species (Stevanovic et al, 2012). The following observations are pertinent: (i) although cyanobacteria possess an OM and are commonly considered as Gram-negative bacteria, their cell envelopes are partly characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria, which do not possess the TonB-ExbB-ExbD system (Hoiczyk and Hansel, 2000); (ii) while some species produce strong siderophores, most cyanobacteria do not (Ito and Butler, 2005;Hopkinson and Morel, 2009;Mirus et al, 2009);and (iii) some cyanobacteria can use the iron bound to siderophores of other organisms (Kranzler et al, 2011). Hopkinson and Morel (2009) suggested that the role of siderophores in marine environments is probably overestimated but could reach no definitive conclusion, because the iron acquisition mechanisms of cyanobacteria are poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into iron acquisition by cyanobacteria: an essential role for ExbB-ExbD complex in inorganic iron uptake

Jiang

Lou

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

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Cyanobacteria are globally important primary producers that have an exceptionally large iron requirement for photosynthesis. In many aquatic ecosystems, the levels of dissolved iron are so low and some of the chemical species so unreactive that growth of cyanobacteria is impaired. Pathways of iron uptake through cyanobacterial membranes are now being elucidated, but the molecular details are still largely unknown. Here we report that the non-siderophore-producing cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains three exbB-exbD gene clusters that are obligatorily required for growth and are involved in iron acquisition. The three exbB-exbDs are redundant, but single and double mutants have reduced rates of iron uptake compared with wild-type cells, and the triple mutant appeared to be lethal. Short-term measurements in chemically well-defined medium show that iron uptake by Synechocystis depends on inorganic iron (Fe 0 ) concentration and ExbB-ExbD complexes are essentially required for the Fe 0 transport process. Although transport of iron bound to a model siderophore, ferrioxamine B, is also reduced in the exbB-exbD mutants, the rate of uptake at similar total [Fe] is about 800-fold slower than Fe 0 , suggesting that hydroxamate siderophore iron uptake may be less ecologically relevant than free iron. These results provide the first evidence that ExbB-ExbD is involved in inorganic iron uptake and is an essential part of the iron acquisition pathway in cyanobacteria. The involvement of an ExbB-ExbD system for inorganic iron uptake may allow cyanobacteria to more tightly maintain iron homeostasis, particularly in variable environments where iron concentrations range from limiting to sufficient.

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confidence: 99%

“…1): the external surface layers (such as S-layers and carbohydrate structures), the outer membrane, the polypeptidoglycan layer (8), and the cytoplasmic membrane. Despite the overall gram-negative structure, the peptidoglycan layer found in cyanobacteria is considerably thicker than that of most gramnegative bacteria (8). In addition, the degree of crosslinking between the peptidoglycan chains within the cell wall layer of cyanobacteria (56-63%) is far higher than that in most gramnegative bacteria (20-33%) (9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nickel-inducible lysis system in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Liu

Curtiss

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We designed and constructed a controllable inducing lysis system in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to facilitate extracting lipids for biofuel production. Several bacteriophage-derived lysis genes were integrated into the genome and placed downstream of a nickel-inducible signal transduction system. We applied 3 strategies: (i) directly using the phage lysis cassette, (ii) constitutively expressing endolysin genes while restricting holin genes, and (iii) combining lysis genes from different phages. Significant autolysis was induced in the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells with this system by the addition of NiSO4. Our inducible cyanobacterial lysing system eliminates the need for mechanical or chemical cell breakage and could facilitate recovery of biofuel from cyanobacteria.biofuel ͉ phage lysis genes P hotosynthetic microorganisms, including eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria, are being optimized to overproduce numerous products of value (1). Because of the global energy shortage and climate change caused by greenhouse gas emission, the scientific community has focused on developing renewable biofuels from photosynthetic microorganisms (2). Cyanobacteria are excellent organisms for biofuel production. Unlike algae, their genomes are relatively easy to manipulate. They are efficient at converting solar energy, and, unlike energy crops, they can be grown on non-arable land (3). We thus have selected Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter referred to as Synechocystis 6803) as a model organism to develop methods for easy recovery of lipids for use in biofuel production.The first goal of our research was to disrupt the cyanobacterial cell envelope to facilitate lipid recovery from biomass. Seog et al. (4) used various methods, such as sonication, French press, bead-beater, and lyophilization, to disrupt the cell envelops of the alga Botryococcus braunii. Extraction was 1.96 times more efficient using the bead-beater method than by using solvents alone, suggesting that a proper method of cell disruption could facilitate lipid extraction by damaging the cell wall. However, the bead-beater method is not economical for large amounts of biomass. There are some alternative cell-breakage methods, e.g., pulsed electric field (5) and hydrolytic enzymes (6), but all these methods add additional cost and reduce the overall utility of the process. Our strategy is simply to make the cyanobacteria lyse at the appropriate time.The cyanobacterial cell envelope is composed of 4 layers (7) (Fig. 1): the external surface layers (such as S-layers and carbohydrate structures), the outer membrane, the polypeptidoglycan layer (8), and the cytoplasmic membrane. Despite the overall gram-negative structure, the peptidoglycan layer found in cyanobacteria is considerably thicker than that of most gramnegative bacteria (8). In addition, the degree of crosslinking between the peptidoglycan chains within the cell wall layer of cyanobacteria (56-63%) is far higher than that in most gramnegative bacteria (20-33%) (9).To break up the pepti...

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Cyanobacterial Cell Walls: News from an Unusual Prokaryotic Envelope

Cited by 421 publications

References 134 publications

The TolC-like Protein HgdD of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Is Involved in Secondary Metabolite Export and Antibiotic Resistance

The TolC-like Protein HgdD of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Is Involved in Secondary Metabolite Export and Antibiotic Resistance

New insights into iron acquisition by cyanobacteria: an essential role for ExbB-ExbD complex in inorganic iron uptake

Nickel-inducible lysis system in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

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