Cyanogenic Glucosides and Plant—Insect Interactions.

Zagrobelny, Mika; Bak, Soeren; Rasmussen, Anne Vinther; Joergensen, Bodil; Naumann, Clas M.; Moeller, Birger Lindberg

doi:10.1002/chin.200422257

Cited by 45 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…The most derived syndrome might be the de novo synthesis of the plant compounds by insects, which has been shown, for example, in brightly coloured, day-flying Zygaena moths producing CNGs. Here independence from the plant is gained, whereas sequestration is possible but not necessary (Zagrobelny et al 2004). Similar syndromes might be also applicable for other taxa, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…1, 7) are amino-acid derived glycosides, which are stored in the vacuoles of at least 2,500 species belonging to several different plant families (Lechtenberg and Nahrstedt 1999;Zagrobelny et al 2004). Upon tissue damage, they come into contact with b-glucosidases and a-hydroxylyases, which results in hydrolysis of CNGs and formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN).…”

Section: Cyanogenic Glycosides and Cyanolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon tissue damage, they come into contact with b-glucosidases and a-hydroxylyases, which results in hydrolysis of CNGs and formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Cyanides are toxic due to their affinity to the terminal cytochrome oxidase of the mitochondria (Zagrobelny et al 2004). Sequestration of CNGs occurs in species feeding on Achariaceae, Crassulaceae, Fabaceae, Passifloraceae, Sapindaceae and Turneraceae (see Table 1) and has been best studied in lepidopteran species (see below).…”

Section: Cyanogenic Glycosides and Cyanolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

2009

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Most plant families are distinguished by characteristic secondary metabolites, which can function as putative defence against herbivores. However, many herbivorous insects of different orders can make use of these plant-synthesised compounds by ingesting and storing them in their body tissue or integument. Such sequestration of putatively unpalatable or toxic metabolites can enhance the insects' own defence against enemies and may also be involved in reproductive behaviour. This review gives a comprehensive overview of all groups of secondary plant metabolites for which sequestration by insect herbivores belonging to different orders has been demonstrated. Sequestered compounds include various aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing metabolites such as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and other sulphurcontaining metabolites, and isoprenoids such as cardiac glycosides, cucurbitacins, iridoid glycosides and others. Sequestration of plant compounds has been investigated most in insects feeding or gathering on Apocynaceae s.l. (Apocynoideae, Asclepiaoideae), Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae, but it also occurs for some gymnosperms and even lichens. In total, more than 250 insect species have been shown to sequester plant metabolites from at least 40 plant families. Sequestration predominates in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but also occurs frequently in the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Sternorrhyncha. Patterns of sequestration mechanisms for various compound classes and common or individual features occurring in different insect orders are highlighted. More research is needed to elucidate the specific transport mechanisms and the physiological processes of sequestration in various insect species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Cyanogenic Glycosides and Cyanolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cyanogenic Glycosides and Cyanolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

2009

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“…The defensive role of cyanogens in plants Manioc is one of over 2,500 plant species worldwide, including ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, which contain ecologically significant concentrations of cyanogenic compounds (Jones 1998;Zagrobelny et al 2004). The phylogenetic distribution of cyanogenic compounds indicates that they have evolved repeatedly and have played roles in defence for a long span of evolutionary time (Bak et al 2006;Miller et al 2006).…”

Section: Biocultural Coevolution Between People and Maniocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical ecology in coupled human and natural systems: people, manioc, multitrophic interactions and global change

et al. 2010

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Chemical ecology provides unique perspectives for managing plant/human interactions to achieve food security. Allelochemicals function as chemical defences of crop plants, enhancing yields. While ingested allelochemicals can confer health benefits to humans, at higher concentrations they are often toxic. The delicate balance between their positive and negative effects in crop plants is influenced by many factors. Some of these-how environment affects optimal levels of defence, how metabolic interactions with nutrients affect toxicity of ingested allelochemicals-are the province of chemical ecology. These biological factors, however, interact with social factors, and neither can be studied independently. Chemical ecologists must work together with social scientists to understand the overall system. Here, we illustrate such an integrative approach, analysing the interactions between people and the major tropical crop manioc, which contains cyanogenic glucosides. Polymorphism for cyanogen levels in manioc facilitates analysis of how costs and benefits of crop defences vary among social systems. We first show how people/ manioc interactions diversified in this crop's Amazonian homeland, then turn to the remarkable cultural adaptations of African farmers since manioc's introduction 400 years ago. Finally, we evaluate new coevolutionary challenges in parts of Africa where people are still unfamiliar with a potentially dangerous crop. Current environmental and social catastrophes have restricted farmers' options, resulting in acute problems in health of humans and ecosystems. We show that high cyanogen levels confer important agronomic advantages, but also impose costs and constraints that can only be understood when biology is coupled with analysis of social, cultural and economic factors. Detoxifying manioc technologically requires know-how, time, water and other resources. Detoxifying residual dietary cyanogens metabolically depends on being able to grow, or to buy, the nutrients required for detoxification, primarily sulphur-rich proteins. Solutions that appear adaptive today may not be in the future, as changing climate, rising atmospheric CO 2 levels and decreased access to fertilizers affect productivity of crops and the nutrient and allelochemical composition of the foods they are used to produce.

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“…One essential reason for its value in intercropping is the low price of the seed. Another interesting characteristic of birdsfoot trefoil is that it contains cyanogenic glucosides, which play a defensive role in plants against herbivores due to their bitter taste and the release of a toxic hydrogen cyanide compound upon tissue damage (Zagrobelny et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of intercropping with birdsfoot trefoil and summer savoury in reducing damage inflicted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on four leek cultivars

Gombač¹,

Trdan

2014

J Plant Dis Prot

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Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), are an important pest of leek (Allium porrum) in Slovenia, and their control is becoming increasingly difficult for several reasons (e.g., increased resistance, specific life cycle). Therefore, intercropping, whereby the seeds of a different plant species are sown amidst the primary crop, represents a promising method to prevent pest damage. Our field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2011, during which we studied the suitability of two different intercrops for reducing the extent of the damage inflicted by onion thrips on the leaves of four different leek cultivars. For the first time, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, Fabaceae) and summer savoury (Satureja hortensis, Lamiaceae) were chosen as intercrops. Both intercrops significantly reduced the extent of damage in both years when compared to the control plots, in which an intercrop was not sown. We found no noteworthy differences among the cultivars regarding the extent of damage. We also studied the effect of these intercrops on the leek yield. Consistent with previous studies, when grown with these intercrops, the leek yield was lower than that of the control plots; however, we conclude that this reduction is acceptable in light of the advantages of intercropping, especially when utilizing birdsfoot trefoil.

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Cyanogenic Glucosides and Plant—Insect Interactions.

Cited by 45 publications

References 1 publication

Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

Chemical ecology in coupled human and natural systems: people, manioc, multitrophic interactions and global change

The efficacy of intercropping with birdsfoot trefoil and summer savoury in reducing damage inflicted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on four leek cultivars

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