Cyber Citizen or Cyborg Citizen: Baudrillard, Political Agency, and the Commons in Virtual Politics

Death Seekers as Diplomats of Thana Capitalism

“…For some voices, dark tourism expresses a sadist nature, exploited by capitalist states to vulnerates the rights of minorities (Koch 2005), whereas for others it represents an anthropological attachment to death, very present in secularized societies (Lennon & Folley, 2000;Miles, 2002). What is clear, dark tourism connoting territories where mass-death or suffering have determined the identity of a community (Poria, 2007;Chauhan & Khanna, 2009).…”

Civic political engagement and social change in the new digital age

“…Critics argue many new forms of political participation are low effort and so evidence low involvement and engagement (Morozov, 2011). The cyber skeptic position suggests there is little or no relation between Internet use and political participation, political knowledge, or efficacy (Koch, 2005;Zhang and Chia, 2006).…”

Characterizing eParticipation

“…These disciplines come to underpin the current characteriza- (2005), Koch (2005) tion of the area as participation in the political process, rather than in other facets of human interaction.…”

“…(2005) Aikens (1998), Albrecht (2006), Bekkers (2004), Dahlberg (2001), Huang (1998), Jensen (2003b, Lourenco and Costa (2006), Luhrs et al (2003), Macintosh et al (2003), Pejout (2004), Siapera (2005), Snider (2003, Whyte and Macintosh (2001) e-Inclusion-examination of the availability of eParticipation to citizens across social boundaries (digital divide), particularly in relation to access to technology (and the possibilities engendered by technology) Ainsworth, Hardy, and Harley (2005), Albrecht (2006), Belanger and Carter (2006), Dutta-Bergman (2005) Koch (2005), Rosenblatt (1999), Westholm (2002) e-Rulemaking-participation in the process that is used to create or promulgate, regulations Carlitz and Gunn (2002) e-Voting-participation through voting over the Internet or by other electronic means Drechsler and Madise (2002), Gibson (2001), Kenski (2005), Kosmopoulos (2004), Oravec (2005), Padget (2005), Prosser, Kofler, and Krimmer (2003), Schaupp and Lemuria (2005), Smith and Clark (2005), Svensson and Leenes (2003), Xenakis and Macintosh (2005) Though the range of theories in the literature sample is eclectic, a well-used philosophical background to the eParticipation discussion is Habermas' conception of the public sphere, whilst various democracy theories (often expressed as democracy models) form a common theoretical focus.…”

“…,Gro¨nlund (2003aGro¨nlund ( , 2003b,Hoff, Lofgren, & Torpe (2003),Kakabadse et al (2003),Kampen and Snijkers (2003),Koch (2005),Macintosh (2004),Mahrer and Krimmer (2005),Masters, Macintosh, and Smith (2004),Moreno-Jimenez and Polasek (2003),Pejout (2004),Saebo and Paivarinta (2005),Seaton (2005),Siapera (2005),Snellen (2001),Tambouris and Gorilas (2003),Watson and Mundy (2001) eGovernance-participation in institutional structures of authority and collaboration to allocate resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economyBingham, Nabatchi, and O'Leary (2005), Moreno-Jimenez and Polasek(2005)e-Accessibility-making eParticipation available to people with handicaps or disabilitiesJaeger (2004),Waddell (2000) e-Activism-spontaneous (that is, not organized by government) political activity or agitation mediated by ICTChang (2005), George(2005), Kosmopoulos (2004), Lusoli and Ward (2004), Park (2002), Rushkoff (2004) e-Campaigning-political campaigning on the net Park (2002), Rushkoff (2004), Stromer-Galley (2000) e-Community-how ICT applications shape the instantiation of communities with a political focus, such as local political discussion forums Bekkers (2004), Chang (2005), Dutta-Bergman (2005), Fernandez-Maldonado (2005), Gross(2000),Huang (1998),Klein (1999),Luhrs, Albrecht, Lubcke, and Hohberg (2003),Macintosh, McKay-Hubbard, and Shell (2005),Myles (2004), Snider (2003 e-Consultation-stakeholder consultation with government (for instance in policy making) partly or wholly conducted over the Internet Al-Kodmany(2000),Gro¨nlund (2003a),Jensen (2003b),Lamb, Berntsen, and Kueppers (2004),Macintosh et al (2005),…”