“…Even if so, was it the work of an isolated individual, or the work of a terrorist group, or an attack by another nation state? As pointed out byApplegate and Stavrou (2013), cyber conflict, rather than cyberwar may be involved, that is, rather than one nation state attacking another, it could be an attack by non-state actors, whose actions are politically motivated. Rapid response to defend South Africa, rather than rapid response to retaliate is thus an appropriate focus of the RSA policy.…”