Cyber-Dependent Crime Versus Traditional Crime: Empirical Evidence for Clusters of Offenses and Related Motives

Abstract

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Why do young people start and continue with ethical hacking? A qualitative study on individual and social aspects in the lives of ethical hackers

“…Bachmann (2011), for example, argues that they are mainly motivated by challenge, experimentation, boredom, financial gain, or just for the kick. These motives were also found in several other studies (Jordan & Taylor, 1998; Steinmetz, 2015a, 2016; Van der Wagen et al., 2021; Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021). Many motives are intrinsic such as curiosity, getting to know a system, and challenge.…”

“…Apart from these motives, recognition (or positive reinforcement) from others was important for ethical hackers, especially in the case of major vulnerabilities. This is in contrast with some other studies, which stated that extrinsic motives such as recognition were less important (Chan & Wang, 2015; Grabosky, 2017; Holt & Kilger, 2012; Madarie, 2017; Steinmetz, 2015a, 2016; Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021; Weulen Kranenbarg et al., 2018b). Recognition stimulated respondents to report more vulnerabilities.…”

“…The motives to start with hacking were mainly the kick and the challenge. This also emerged in several studies (Steinmetz, 2015a(Steinmetz, , 2016Van der Wagen et al, 2021;Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021). Over time, motives for ethical hacking, such as the reporting of vulnerabilities found in systems, took the upper hand.…”

The Challenges of Empirically Comparing Cybercriminals and Traditional Offenders

“…Similarly, cybercriminal networks in different countries usually commit a range of crimes that includes online and offline activities (Leukfeldt et al, 2016;Lusthaus, 2018). Additionally, self-report data shows that there is a group of criminals who commit both types of crimes (Rokven et al, 2017(Rokven et al, , 2018Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021), although it should be mentioned that most cyber-dependent criminals seem to specialize in cybercrime (Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021). However, they may still commit a few offline crimes as well.…”

Оценка Достоверности Официальной Статистики Преступности Посредством Независимых Виктимизационных Опросов (RCVS 2018, 2021): Случай «удаленных» Имущественных Преступлений

“…Вторая и третья группы -это «то же старое вино, но в новой бутыл ке» [Wall, 1999;Grabosky, 2001], -включают те виды преступного поведения, ко торые обычны для «офлайн»жизни, но сегодня используют компьютерные или телефонные сети. В литературе эти две группы называются соответственно ки берактивной (cyber enabled) и киберзависимой (cyber dependent) преступностью [Weulen Kranenbarg, 2021].…”