Cyber Gender Harassment and Secondary Victimization: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, the UK, and India

Peer Attachment and Cyber Aggression Involvement among Chinese, Indian, and Japanese Adolescents

“…In one study, Japanese adolescents reported cyberbullying, but their levels of involvement were lower than adolescents from the United States and Austria [33,34]. Studies conducted in India focus on cyber gender harassment, a form of cyber harassment involving similar behaviors as cyberbullying, except that this behavior occurs among adults instead of children and adolescents [35]. Taken together, research from China, India, and Japan indicate that cyber aggression and cyberbullying occur among adolescents in these countries, and that their high levels of internet consumption warrant further investigation.…”

“…In addition, research has not been conducted on gender differences in cyber aggression involvement among Indian adolescents. Given that research on cyber gender harassment conducted in India focuses solely on men harassing women through digital technologies, it might be likely that girls are more at risk for cyber victimization while boys might perpetrate cyber aggression more often than girls [35].…”

“…To this end, the first aim of the present study compared rates of cyber aggression involvement in China, India, and Japan, while controlling for face-to-face bullying perpetration and victimization, individualism, and collectivism. It was hypothesized that Indian adolescents would report higher levels of cyber aggression involvement when compared to Chinese and Japanese adolescents, given the emphasis on both collectivism and individualism in India [35]. Although China and Japan are both collectivistic societies, China is a little less collectivistic and has higher rates of internet consumption, which might contribute to adolescents in this country being more at risk for cyber aggression involvement [29].…”

“…In addition, Chinese boys were also expected to experience more cyber victimization when compared to Chinese girls. Due to the research on cyber gender harassment in India, it was expected the girls would experience more cyber victimization, whereas boys would be more likely to be the perpetrators of cyber aggression [35].…”

Use and Misuse of Internet by Semi-Urban and Rural Youth in India: A Baseline Survey Report (2013)

“…2.9% of the respondents believed that reporting of such cases is useless as the police is worthless in such cases, 18.6% of the respondents indicated that they won't report any cyber crime as their names might be flashed out in the media and 27.1% of the respondents feel that they should not report because police and other people would harass them and their families. It must be noted that due to various reasons including fear of social taboo, police apathy and fear of breach of privacy by media reporting, many women victims feel reluctant to report cyber crimes (Halder & Jaishankar, 2011). This survey showed that not only women, but majority of young generation including male and female students feel reluctant to report any sorts of cyber crime for reasons mentioned above.…”