Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS): A Review on Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis With Cyber Security Applications

Abstract

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a new kind of digital technology that increases its attention across academia, government, and industry sectors and covers a wide range of applications like agriculture, energy, medical, transportation, etc. The traditional power systems with physical equipment as a core element are more integrated with information and communication technology, which evolves into the Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS). The CPPS consists of a physical system tightly integrated with cyber systems (control, computing, and communication functions) and allows the two-way flows of electricity and information for enabling smart grid technologies. Even though the digital technologies monitoring and controlling the electric power grid more efficiently and reliably, the power grid is vulnerable to cybersecurity risk and involves the complex interdependency between cyber and physical systems. Analyzing and resolving the problems in CPPS needs the modelling methods and systematic investigation of a complex interaction between cyber and physical systems. The conventional way of modelling, simulation, and analysis involves the separation of physical domain and cyber domain, which is not suitable for the modern CPPS. Therefore, an integrated framework needed to analyze the practical scenario of the unification of physical and cyber systems. A comprehensive review of different modelling, simulation, and analysis methods and different types of cyber-attacks, cybersecurity measures for modern CPPS is explored in this paper. A review of different types of cyber-attack detection and mitigation control schemes for the practical power system is presented in this paper. The status of the research in CPPS around the world and a new path for recommendations and research directions for the researchers working in the CPPS are finally presented.

CPS Attacks Mitigation Approaches on Power Electronic Systems With Security Challenges for Smart Grid Applications: A Review

“…Initiating a cyberwar from a national power system against another country's national power system [17], [18], [19], [38], [57], [69] Large scale blackouts, turbulences, or financial losses…”

“…Though various discovered attack threats in the CP systems are supplemented with detection, protection, or attacks mitigation approaches, some of the unknown threats still endure for being addressed. Moreover, employing the CPS in the digitally-controlled power electronics systems can be subjected to various vulnerabilities as well as approaches; the famous threats can provide fast reappraisal according to the new developments [18].…”

Power Grids as Complex Networks: Resilience and Reliability Analysis

“…Physical power networks are naturally subject to line faults, generator/load outages, and sometimes electromagnetic pulse disturbances [131][132][133]. Communication in the cyber layer may be impacted by variable delay or packet dropouts during normal operation or after attacks [134][135][136]. In this section, the impacts of these events on the reliability of power grids are surveyed.…”

Interdisciplinary Vision of the Digitalized Future Energy Systems

“…The CPS is a system that combines and coordinates the internet and physical energy system elements, which covers all the domains including energy generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization [55]. In DFES, the three core technical fields supporting the cyber-physical infrastructure are IoTbased system for ubiquitous computing, blockchain-based system for secure and distributed data processing, and cloudbased system for multidimensional service delivery, which collaborate to form the backbone of the cyber infrastructure and support the operation of the physical infrastructure [5].…”