Cyberbullying experiences in classmates‘ WhatsApp discourse, across public and private contexts

The effectiveness of safe surfing, an anti-cyberbullying intervention program in reducing online and offline bullying and improving perceived popularity and self-esteem

“…In recent years, as a result of information and communication technologies development and the widespread use of smartphones and internet access, bullying has penetrated the cyberspace, conceptualized as cyberbullying, an intentional aggressive behavior repeated over time through the use of electronic devices against victims who cannot easily defend themselves (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyberbullying can be reflected in many forms, such as verbal bullying (mockery, curses, insults, derogatory names, threats), doxxing (posting personal photos without consent, publishing unsolicited content and posting personal and sensitive information about a student) and exclusion (exclusion from a classmates' group and group rejection) (Aizenkot, 2017a). Cyberbullying behaviors seem to be learned through social relationships with family members and peers (Tanrikulu, 2019).…”

“…These similarities led some researchers to consider cyberbullying as a modality of traditional bullying (Erdur-Baker, 2010;Li, 2007;Slonje et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2009;Ybarra et al, 2012). In fact, several studies have found continuity between traditional bullying and cyberbullying (Aizenkot, 2017a;Kowalski et al, 2012;Lazuras et al, 2017;Olweus, 2013), supported by the connection between the offline and online environments (Martínez-Ferrer et al, 2018). It has therefore been argued that there is co-occurrence and functional similarity between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, and that cyberbullying may be merely another form of bullying, supported by technological tools and reflected in the cyberspace (Mitchell & Jones, 2015).…”

“…The questionnaire is based on previous questionnaires that examined cyberbullying and bullying (Aizenkot, 2017a;Aizenkot & Kashy-Rosenbaum, 2018;Heiman & Olenik-Shemesh, 2015;RAMA, 2016;Willard, 2007). Bullying online and offline among students was measured using 12 items divided into two types of bullying: (1) cyberbullying (6 items) and (2) bullying (6 items).…”

“…Cyberbullying was measured with reference to three types of cyberbullying: (1) verbal bullying; (2) doxxing, that is posting personal photos without consent, publishing unsolicited content and posting personal and sensitive information about a student; and, (3) exclusion, that is exclusion from a classmates' group and group rejection. This division was based on a taxonomy first proposed by Willard (2007) and structurally validated by Aizenkot (2017a) and Aizenkot and Kashy-Rosenbaum (2018). Aizenkot and Kashy-Rosenbaum (2018) reported results for a confirmatory factor analysis of the theoretical contraction of a 10-item questionnaire, based on a sample of N = 1407 elementary students.…”

“…Students involved in cyberbullying often know each other from school (Hinduja & Patchin, 2008), and those of them who are bullied online are frequently bullied offline as well (Twyman et al, 2010). In fact, studies have found continuity and co-occurrence between traditional bullying and cyberbullying among classmates (e.g., Aizenkot, 2017a). Cyberbullying is therefore perceived as a school-based problem, and achieving its sustainable reduction requires interventions that are implemented within the school (Wölfer et al, 2014).…”