Cybersecurity Behaviour of Smartphone Users Through the Lens of Fogg Behaviour Model

Shah, Pintu R; Agarwal, Anuja

doi:10.1109/cscita47329.2020.9137773

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with a previous study conducted by Shah and Agarwal [20] on smartphone users in India, which revealed that motivation, ability, and threat awareness were not correlated with users' adoption of security behaviors. Based on the evaluation of the results mentioned above regarding the behavior of smartphone users, it is necessary to consider designing a special security education, training and awareness (SETA) program to improve information security for smartphone users [37].…”

Section: B Post Hoc Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arend et al [36] stated that intent and actual behavior in cybersecurity behavior are significantly correlated with selfreported individual differences in passive risk behavior but not in proactive risk behavior. In research conducted by Shah and Agarwal [37], they also asked respondents to self-report. They found that the chances of safe behavior and practices by respondents with high motivation and high ability are 4.64 times higher than respondents with low motivation and low ability.…”

Section: B Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Information Security Behavior of Smartphone Users in Indonesia Using Pearsonâ€™s Chi-square and Post Hoc Test

Candiwan¹,

Sudirman²,

Sari³

2023

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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The risk of data theft is still a negative impact of smartphone technology development that harms its users. One cause of data theft is information security behavior. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine information security behavior and its differences among smartphone users in Indonesia based on the demographic variables (i.e., gender, generation, educational background, and operating system) and four approaches, namely Avoiding Harmful Behavior, Settings, and Add-on Utilities, Preventive Behavior, and Disaster/Data Recovery. The data obtained from 400 respondents were processed using Pearson's chi-square and post hoc tests. The results showed that there are significant differences between the demographic variables and approaches. It was revealed that men behave better than women in terms of adopting settings and add-on utilities, preventive behavior, and disaster/data recovery. On the other hand, men tend to have riskier behavior than women in avoiding harmful behavior. Based on generation, it was found that Generation Z exhibits more secure behavior than Generation Y in terms of settings and add-on utilities regarding remote device locking. Meanwhile, Generation Z has better behavior than Generations X and Y in preventive behavior as they uninstall/remove unused applications. Furthermore, undergraduate users behave better than high schoolers in avoiding harmful behaviors such as sharing PIN/passwords. Lastly, iOS users were found to have better data recovery behavior than Android users in automatically backing up data in the cloud. These results can be considered when designing security education, training, and awareness programs to improve information security.

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Section: B Post Hoc Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Information Security Behavior of Smartphone Users in Indonesia Using Pearsonâ€™s Chi-square and Post Hoc Test

Candiwan¹,

Sudirman²,

Sari³

2023

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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“…Around 54% of companies that had experienced a mobile-related security breach attributed it, at least in part, to user behaviour (Verizon, 2021). A previous study by Shah and Agarwal (2020a, 2020b) reported lax cybersecurity behaviour by Indian smartphone users. Hence, there is a need to focus on improving the cybersecurity behaviour of smartphone users in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…FBM is useful in persuasive design (Fogg, 2009). FBM has been used in the cybersecurity domain as well (Jordan et al , 2014; Bawazir et al , 2016; Liljestrand et al , 2019; Parkin et al , 2019; Shah and Agarwal, 2020a, 2020b). FBM posits that three elements, namely, motivation, ability and prompt, should be present simultaneously for behaviour to occur.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on industry reports and previous research, the researchers identified the most common threats and attack vectors and recommended countermeasures for smartphone users (FBI, 2020; CERT-In, 2020; IBM Security, 2020; Shah and Agarwal, 2020a, 2020b; RSA, 2020). The researchers focused on the following threats: Mobile app permissions; Mobile app vulnerability; Data theft; Malware; Porting out; and Phishing (including SMS and voice phishing). …”

Section: Cyber Suraksha: a Serious Cybersecurity Card Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyber Suraksha: a card game for smartphone security awareness

Shah

Agarwal

2023

ICS

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Purpose The frequency and sophistication of cybercrimes are increasing. These cybercrimes are impacting government and private organizations as well as individuals. One of the countermeasures is to improve the cyber hygiene of the end-users. Serious games or game-based learning has emerged as a promising approach for implementing security education, training and awareness program. In this paper, the researchers propose a tabletop card game called Cyber Suraksha to increase threat awareness and motivate users to adopt recommended security controls for smartphone users. Cyber Suraksha provides an active learning environment for the players. This paper aims to provide the details of the design and evaluation of the game using a between-subjects design. Design/methodology/approach The researchers have used constructive learning theory and the Fogg behaviour model (FBM) to design a tabletop card game called Cyber Suraksha. The researchers evaluated the game using a between-subjects design. The participants' responses in the control and intervention groups were collected using the risk behaviour diagnosis scale. Pearson’s Chi-Square test with a 5% significance level was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that the game is enjoyable and fun. Cyber Suraksha game effectively motivates users to adopt the recommended security control for the targeted behaviour. The results indicate that the participants in the intervention group are 2.65 times more likely to adopt recommended behaviour. The findings of this study provide evidence for the effectiveness of hope and fear appeals in improving cybersecurity awareness. Research limitations/implications The generalizability of the study is limited because the sample size is small compared to the total number of smartphone users in India, and only students from computer/IT UG programs in India are used as participants in this study. Practical implications This study uses hope and a fear appeal to design an effective serious game. It also demonstrates using the FBM and constructive learning principles for effective serious game design. Cyber Suraksha is effective for the student group and may be tested with other age groups. Originality/value To the researchers' knowledge, there are no serious games for cybersecurity awareness focusing on the threats faced by smartphone users based on FBM and constructive learning theory. This research used hope along with a fear appeal to motivate smartphone users to adopt recommended security controls.

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Exploring the factors that influence the cybersecurity behaviors of young adults

Alanazi

Freeman²,

Tootell³

2022

Computers in Human Behavior

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Cybersecurity Behaviour of Smartphone Users Through the Lens of Fogg Behaviour Model

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Differences in Information Security Behavior of Smartphone Users in Indonesia Using Pearsonâ€™s Chi-square and Post Hoc Test

Differences in Information Security Behavior of Smartphone Users in Indonesia Using Pearsonâ€™s Chi-square and Post Hoc Test

Cyber Suraksha: a card game for smartphone security awareness

Exploring the factors that influence the cybersecurity behaviors of young adults

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