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This review examines the state‐of‐the‐art sensors and sensing technologies employed for structural health monitoring (SHM) in aerospace composites, highlighting the shift from conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques to real‐time monitoring systems. The review discusses the challenges associated with composite materials, such as their anisotropic nature and susceptibility to invisible damage, and how these challenges have driven the improvement of SHM techniques. Fiber‐optic sensors, including interferometric, distributed, and grating‐based sensors, are analyzed for their high sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities, making them suitable for distributed sensing applications. Piezoelectric sensors are evaluated for their effectiveness in both active and passive damage detection methods. At the same time, piezoresistive self‐sensing systems are explored for their potential to integrate sensing directly into composite materials. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in implementing SHM systems. It suggests solutions like protective coatings, advanced data processing algorithms, and modular system design to overcome these challenges. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current SHM technologies for aerospace composites, underscoring the need for sustained research and development to improve sensor technology, expand data processing capabilities, and ensure seamless integration with aircraft systems, thus contributing to the safety and efficiency of aerospace operations.
This review examines the state‐of‐the‐art sensors and sensing technologies employed for structural health monitoring (SHM) in aerospace composites, highlighting the shift from conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques to real‐time monitoring systems. The review discusses the challenges associated with composite materials, such as their anisotropic nature and susceptibility to invisible damage, and how these challenges have driven the improvement of SHM techniques. Fiber‐optic sensors, including interferometric, distributed, and grating‐based sensors, are analyzed for their high sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities, making them suitable for distributed sensing applications. Piezoelectric sensors are evaluated for their effectiveness in both active and passive damage detection methods. At the same time, piezoresistive self‐sensing systems are explored for their potential to integrate sensing directly into composite materials. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in implementing SHM systems. It suggests solutions like protective coatings, advanced data processing algorithms, and modular system design to overcome these challenges. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current SHM technologies for aerospace composites, underscoring the need for sustained research and development to improve sensor technology, expand data processing capabilities, and ensure seamless integration with aircraft systems, thus contributing to the safety and efficiency of aerospace operations.
Security patterns play a pivotal role in enhancing the safety and security of safety-critical systems. This study delves into the impact of adding pattern-based security on the functional requirements of the safety-critical software function. This paper introduces a pattern-based security approach and then analyzes the cost of integrating three exemplary security patterns (data confidentiality, integrity and authenticity) on the execution time of safety-critical functions. Evaluating execution times across diverse data sizes sheds light on the cost of adding pattern-based security and its impact on the functional timing (logical execution time, worst-case execution time) of the software functions of a system. Our technical findings reveal crucial tradeoffs between security and efficiency, aiding system designers in making informed decisions. These insights are crucial for the automatic code generation tools, to find the appropriate decomposition and mapping of a security enhanced software function that meets the functional timing requirements. By adhering to the ISO/SAE 21434 international standards, secure software development practices are promoted, thereby improving productivity, quality, and safety. The integration of experimental results informs the overall security posture of these systems, aiding in effective secure life-cycle management.
As future infrastructures increasingly rely on digital systems, their exposure to cyber threats has grown significantly. The complex and hyper-connected nature of these systems presents challenges for enhancing cyber resilience against adverse conditions, stresses, attacks, or compromises on cybersecurity resources. Integrating risk assessment with cyber resilience allows for adaptive approaches that can effectively safeguard critical infrastructures (CIs) against evolving cyber risks. However, the wide range of methods, frameworks, and standards—some overlapping and others inadequately addressed in the literature—complicates the selection of an appropriate approach to cyber risk assessment for cyber resilience. To investigate this integration, this study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) of relevant methodologies, standards, and regulations. After conducting the initial screening of 173 publications on risk assessment and cyber resilience, 40 papers were included for thorough review. The findings highlight risk assessment methods, standards, and guidelines used for cyber resilience and provide an overview of relevant regulations that strengthen cyber resilience through risk assessment practices. The results of this paper will offer cybersecurity researchers and decision-makers an illuminated understanding of how risk assessment enhances cyber resilience by extracting risk assessment best practices in the literature supported by relevant standards and regulations.
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