Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Questionnaire (CSQ-VR): A Validation and Comparison against SSQ and VRSQ

Abstract

Cybersickness is a drawback of virtual reality (VR), which also affects the cognitive and motor skills of users. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and its variant, the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ), are two tools that measure cybersickness. However, both tools suffer from important limitations which raise concerns about their suitability. Two versions of the Cybersickness in VR Questionnaire (CSQ-VR), a paper-and-pencil and a 3D–VR version, were developed. The validation of the CSQ-VR and a comparison against the SSQ and the VRSQ were performed. Thirty-nine participants were exposed to three rides with linear and angular accelerations in VR. Assessments of cognitive and psychomotor skills were performed at baseline and after each ride. The validity of both versions of the CSQ-VR was confirmed. Notably, CSQ-VR demonstrated substantially better internal consistency than both SSQ and VRSQ. Additionally, CSQ-VR scores had significantly better psychometric properties in detecting a temporary decline in performance due to cybersickness. Pupil size was a significant predictor of cybersickness intensity. In conclusion, the CSQ-VR is a valid assessment of cybersickness with superior psychometric properties to SSQ and VRSQ. The CSQ-VR enables the assessment of cybersickness during VR exposure, and it benefits from examining pupil size, a biomarker of cybersickness.

Cybersickness, Cognition, & Motor Skills: The Effects of Music, Gender, and Gaming Experience

“…The CSQ-VR is derived from the VR Induced Symptoms and Effects of the VR Neuroscience Questionnaire, which has been found to have very good structural and construct validity [25]. The CSQ-VR has been validated against the SSQ and the VRSQ, and showed superior reliability to them [27]. The advantages of CSQ-VR pertain to its short administration procedure (only 6 items/questions) and the production of easily comprehensible outcomes [27,49].…”

“…The CSQ-VR has been validated against the SSQ and the VRSQ, and showed superior reliability to them [27]. The advantages of CSQ-VR pertain to its short administration procedure (only 6 items/questions) and the production of easily comprehensible outcomes [27,49]. Moreover, the CSQ-VR assesses all the sub-types of cybersickness symptoms, such as nausea, disorientation, and oculomotor.…”

Analysis of cybersickness in virtual nursing simulation: a German longitudinal study

“…This approach not only facilitates an understanding of an individual’s baseline symptoms, but also allows for a more accurate determination of the specific effects of VR on cybersickness susceptibility [ 34 , 35 ]. The SSQ has often been used to measure cybersickness, mainly due to the lack of more specific instruments [ 36 – 38 ]. This realization has led to an increased emphasis on the need to develop and use more specific instruments to measure cybersickness in virtual environments.…”

Virtual Reality Training of Social Skills in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Examination of Acceptability, Usability, User Experience, Social Skills, and Executive Functions

“…The Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Questionnaire (CSQ-VR) is a questionnaire that evaluates the symptoms and severity of cybersickness and has been shown to have strong structural and construct validity [ 93 ] and convergent validity against other cybersickness measurements [ 94 ]. It assesses different sub-types of cybersickness symptoms, such as nausea, disorientation, and oculomotor difficulties.…”