Cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate metabolism in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (strain ?H): characterization of the synthetase reaction

Activation and thermostabilization effects of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on enzymes from the hyperthermophilic Methanopyrus kandleri

“…Kandleri, cDPG rather than 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is used for the thermostabilization and activation of enzymes. The two compounds are synthesized in the following reactions catalyzed by 2-phosphoglycerate kinase and cyclic diphosphoglycerate synthase, respectively (Van Alebeek et al 1994a Under standard conditions, the free energy change ∆G°′ associated with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis from 2-phosphoglycerate should be near 0 kJ/mol, as deduced from the finding that phosphate can be reversibly transferred from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate to the catalytic histidine residue of phosphoglycerate mutase; phosphohistidine is "energy rich" (Voet and Voet 1995). The free energy change ∆G°′ associated with cDPG synthesis from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and ATP is probably also near 0 kJ/mol.…”

“…Functions of cDPG in phosphate storage (Seeley and Fahrney 1984), energy storage (Gorris et al 1990;van Alebeek et al 1991), and biosynthesis (Evans et al 1986;Gorkovenko and Roberts 1993) have also been discussed. cDPG is synthesized from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in an ATP-dependent reaction (Lehmacher et al 1990;Van Alebeek et al 1994a) and is converted back to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate via a specific hydrolase (Sastry et al 1992;Van Alebeek et al 1994b). In methanogens, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is an intermediate in gluconeogenesis, is synthesized from pyruvate via phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate involving phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and 2-phosphoglycerate kinase (Van Alebeek et al 1994a).…”

“…cDPG is synthesized from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in an ATP-dependent reaction (Lehmacher et al 1990;Van Alebeek et al 1994a) and is converted back to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate via a specific hydrolase (Sastry et al 1992;Van Alebeek et al 1994b). In methanogens, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is an intermediate in gluconeogenesis, is synthesized from pyruvate via phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate involving phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and 2-phosphoglycerate kinase (Van Alebeek et al 1994a). Per mol cDPG synthesized from pyruvate, 4 mol of ATP are required.…”

“…kandleri but also in most other methanoarchaea [for a review of the literature, see Van Alebeek et al (1994a)]. High intracellular concentrations (> 0.3 M) are, however, found only in hyperthermophilic methanogens of the orders Methanobacteriales and Methanopyrales (Hensel and König 1988), which have in common that their cells are surrounded by a pseudomurein sacculus (Kandler and König 1998) protecting them from osmolysis at high intracellular concentrations of salts in environments of relatively low osmolarity.…”

Production of the Extremolyte Cyclic 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Using Thermus thermophilus as a Whole-Cell Factory

“…The concentration increases from 70 mM in M. thermoautotrophicum (65 °C), to 300 mM in M. fervidus (84 °C), and 1 M in M. kandleri (98 °C) (Shima et al, 1998). One other role for cDPG has been suggested to be as a phosphate and energy storage compound (Sastry et al, 1992;Van Alebeek et al, 1994;Lentzen and Schwarz, 2006). Because the cDPGS reaction is exergonic at cellular concentrations, cDPG accumulation is favoured thermodynamically until this reaction reaches equilibrium (Shima et al, 1998).…”