In recent years, the research on complex networks has created a boom. The objective of the present paper is to study a random cyclooctatetraene chain whose graph-theoretic mathematical properties arose scientists’ interests. By applying the concept of symmetry and probability theory, we obtain the explicit analytical expressions for the variances of Schultz index, multiplicative degree-Kirchhoff index Gutman index, and additive degree-Kirchhoff index of a random cyclooctatetraene chain with n octagons, which plays a crucial role in the research and application of topological indices.