Cycling our way to fit fat

Townsend, Logan K.; Knuth, Carly M.; Wright, David C.

doi:10.14814/phy2.13247

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…However, this has not been shown in a randomized controlled trial in humans. Other reported molecular adaptations to endurance exercise training in rodents are increased oxidative capacity (30,32,33,36) and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) showing that endurance exercise training has a browning or beiging effect on scAT (15,31,38).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males

Riis

Christensen

Nellemann

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18–24 yr; BMI 19.0–25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21–35 yr; BMI 20.5–28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males

Riis

Christensen

Nellemann

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…In rodents, the transplantation of subcutaneous adipose tissue from trained to sedentary mice improved metabolic control, supporting the notion of exercise-induced adipose tissue adaptation [20]. As pointed out by Wright and co-workers [21], this is a complex process potentially involving a rise in catecholamines, activation of lipolysis, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and browning. Interestingly, myokines such as IL-6 and the recently discovered meteorin-like protein, appear to be involved in this process [21].…”

Section: Exercise-induced Myokines and The Network Of Organ Communicamentioning

confidence: 68%

“…As pointed out by Wright and co-workers [21], this is a complex process potentially involving a rise in catecholamines, activation of lipolysis, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and browning. Interestingly, myokines such as IL-6 and the recently discovered meteorin-like protein, appear to be involved in this process [21]. In humans, the browning of white fat in response to exercise has remained controversial [22], thus requiring future studies on the functional impact of myokines on human adipose cells.…”

Section: Exercise-induced Myokines and The Network Of Organ Communicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Myokines in metabolic homeostasis and diabetes

Eckel

2019

Diabetologia

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Physical activity exerts multiple beneficial effects and the myokine concept provides a framework for understanding the molecular pathways that integrate contracting muscle in the complex network of organ communication. This network includes multiple distinct and distal organs; however, the autocrine and paracrine effects of myokines within skeletal muscle (in which they are produced) also need specific attention. In humans, the functional allocation of myokines remains limited and recent findings on fibre type-specific myokine signatures point to an additional level of complexity. Myokines are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity and, therefore, critically counteract insulin resistance and the metabolic perturbations of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Future work needs to address the role of myokines in concert with other crosstalk molecules, and to define their specific impact for metabolic homeostasis. Keywords Diabetes. Exercise. Metabolic homeostasis. Myokines. Organ crosstalk. Physical activity. Review Abbreviations BAT Brown adipose tissue FGF Fibroblast growth factor NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease By definition, a myokine is a peptide or protein that is released from skeletal muscle cells. Muscle contraction is a major regulator of myokine expression and release. However, some myokines do not respond to muscle contraction. The term 'exercise factor' includes myokines and, also, metabolites. An exercise factor is principally released to the circulation upon muscle contraction. Myokines exert multiple autocrine, paracrine and endocrine biological effects.

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“…While rodent white adipose tissue can undergo robust browning and develop functional UCPs in response to exercise, these results have not been recapitulated in human white adipose tissue [8,18,19,20]. One potential explanation for these discrepancies is the significant difference in the anatomical distribution of adipose tissue between rodents and humans.…”

Section: Mitochondrial Content and Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting White Adipose Tissue with Exercise or Bariatric Surgery as Therapeutic Strategies in Obesity

Carvalho

Sparks

2019

Biology

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Adipose tissue is critical to whole-body energy metabolism and has become recognized as a bona fide endocrine organ rather than an inert lipid reservoir. As such, adipose tissue is dynamic in its ability to secrete cytokines, free fatty acids, lipokines, hormones and other factors in response to changes in environmental stimuli such as feeding, fasting and exercise. While excess adipose tissue, as in the case of obesity, is associated with metabolic complications, mass itself is not the only culprit in obesity-driven metabolic abnormalities, highlighting the importance of healthy and metabolically adaptable adipose tissue. In this review, we discuss the fundamental cellular processes of adipose tissue that become perturbed in obesity and the impact of exercise on these processes. While both endurance and resistance exercise can promote positive physiological adaptations in adipose tissue, endurance exercise has a more documented role in remodeling adipocytes, increasing adipokine secretion and fatty acid mobilization and oxidation during post-exercise compared with resistance exercise. Exercise is considered a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity to optimize body composition, in particular as an adjuvant therapy to bariatric surgery; however, there is a gap in knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of these exercise-induced adaptations, which could provide more insight and opportunity for precision-based treatment strategies.

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Cycling our way to fit fat

Cited by 28 publications

References 77 publications

Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males

Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males

Myokines in metabolic homeostasis and diabetes

Targeting White Adipose Tissue with Exercise or Bariatric Surgery as Therapeutic Strategies in Obesity

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