Cyclist aerodynamics through time: Better, faster, stronger

Malizia, Fabio; Blocken, Bje Bert

doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104673

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…The increasing turbulence observed when behind a group of riders, even when they are 125 m ahead of a cyclist, is an important result as the majority of cycling aerodynamic research is conducted using low-turbulence wind tunnels or computational fluid dynamics models 12 , 15 , 16 , 20 . Turbulence properties can change the characteristics of the flow around a rider, particularly the initiation of laminar-to-turbulent transition in the boundary layer, which dictates the occurrence of the drag crisis 32 – 34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of increased turbulence behind other riders in a velodrome has been previously measured in a team pursuit event, with a turbulence intensity of 16.1% measured when drafting directly behind another cyclist compared to 1.5% for a solo rider 15 . It has also been recently proposed that research should be conducted into the measurement and influence of turbulence on cycling aerodynamics 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements of roll, steering, and the far-field wake in track cycling

Fitzgerald

Kelso

Grimshaw

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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A series of measurements taken with two instrumented track bicycles in a velodrome are presented. The bicycle wheel speed, cadence, roll angle, steering angle, power, and airspeed are recorded. The experimentally-measured values are compared to existing theoretical models of roll and steering angles. The accuracy of the roll angle calculations is dependent on the fidelity of the modelled cyclist path and decreases for higher riding speeds. Experimental measurements of the steering angle show a reasonable agreement to theoretical calculations, albeit with reduced steering angles on the bends at higher speeds. There is also seen an increasing steering angle oscillation within each pedal cycle with increasing bicycle velocity which may influence a cyclist’s rolling resistance and the aerodynamic flow around the bicycle’s front end. Observations are made of changes in the flow field ahead of the bicycle due to the presence of other riders on the track, showing an effective tailwind of up to 0.7 m/s. The measured power shows a decrease at the bend entry due to the changing roll angle. Data presented in this paper provides new insights and can help to provide a validation of values used in existing track cycling analytic models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of roll, steering, and the far-field wake in track cycling

Fitzgerald

Kelso

Grimshaw

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The reason for this was based upon the interactions that one component may have on another when assessing aerodynamic drag. 13 …”

Section: Design Philosophymentioning

confidence: 99%

The design of an upper arm prosthesis utilising 3D printing conceived for the 2020 Tokyo paralympic games: A technical note

Dyer

Glithro

Batley

2022

Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineerin

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This article describes the design and development of an upper-limb prosthesis for a current elite level paracyclist that was conceived for use in the 2020 Paralympic Games. The prosthetic limb was intended specifically for use in cycling time trial events. These are held on the road and in the velodrome whereby the athlete rides using a tucked aerodynamic position. The prosthesis was developed using computer aided design software and an extensive use of the 3D printed manufacturing process. The resulting technical note illustrates the design methodology and manufacturing considerations for a high performance form of assistive technology. However, it results in a solution that challenges the traditional aesthetic of prosthetic limbs intended for sport and physical activity.

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“…Improvements in sporting goods are often gradual and incremental, with occasional step changes and innovations, which improves performance in the sport [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. These equipment developments can be driven by various factors, including user preferences and trends, new materials and manufacturing processes, and innovative design techniques [ 10 , 13 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Foot Morphology in Rock Climbing Mammals: Inspiration for Biomimetic Climbing Shoes

2022

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The sporting goods sector can serve as a proving ground for new technologies. We propose that climbing shoes are an excellent case study for showcasing a systematic approach to bio-inspired design. Foot adaptations to climbing have been described before in some animals and have even been incorporated into bio-inspired products. However, there has not yet been a systematic description of climbing adaptations in mammals, and especially in rock climbing species. We present a description of foot morphology in mammals and compare rock climbing species to those with other locomotion types. Our results show that rock climbing species in our sample had fewer digits and larger anterior pads than arboreal species. Rock climbing species often had hooves or, if they had foot pads, these were relatively smooth. These examples look a bit like current climbing shoe designs, perhaps suggesting convergent evolution. However, there was also variation, with rock climbing species having pads varying in shape, placement and texture. Much of this variation is likely to be dependent on the relatedness of species, with those that are more related having more similar feet. We suggest that incorporation of novel textures and compliant pads might be an interesting focus for future climbing shoe designs.

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Cyclist aerodynamics through time: Better, faster, stronger

Cited by 33 publications

References 127 publications

Measurements of roll, steering, and the far-field wake in track cycling

Measurements of roll, steering, and the far-field wake in track cycling

The design of an upper arm prosthesis utilising 3D printing conceived for the 2020 Tokyo paralympic games: A technical note

Investigating Foot Morphology in Rock Climbing Mammals: Inspiration for Biomimetic Climbing Shoes

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