Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: A Promising Approach for Modulating Drug Delivery

Abstract

Nanotechnology showed great promise and impact on administration of therapeutic agents owing to its advantages over contemporary delivery systems. Nanoscale carriers like nanosponges represent a novel category of hyper crosslinked polymer structures with nanosized cavities which can be filled with variety of active moieties (hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic). These nanocarriers can circulate around the body until they found the specific target site and adhere on the surface and release the active moiety in a predictable and controlled manner, resulting in more effective delivery of a given dosage. Nanosponge technology helps to reduce drug associated side effects, improve stability, increase elegance and improve the flexibility of formulations, administered orally, parenterally and topically. Among nanosponges, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CDNS) are smart versatile carriers studied widely for drug delivery applications. Statistically, it have presented that approximately 40% of active moieties marketed currently and about 90% of active moieties in their preliminary phase confront problems regarding to solubility. In the past decade, the number of studies describing CDNS has dramatically increased. In the present chapter, scientists working in arena of nanotechnology can get an idea of fabrication, characterization and therapeutic utilities of nanosponges.

Effect of enclosing terpenoids-rich Boswellia Carterri ethyl acetate extract in binary cyclodextrin based oligomer nano-complex for improving its activity via counteracting ICAM-1, Ilβ4 and LTB4 pathways in respiratory distressed rats

“…The tested formulations' release pro les displayed a biphasic behavior, with an initial quick release lasting for the rst six hours. This rst rapid release may have been caused by the drug's adsorption on the NSs surface vesicles, which led to a fast release from NSs [99]. Followed by a delayed, slow release for 24 hours.…”

The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications

“…For determining drug loading, high concentration of drug is dissolved in to make a solution where the CD NSs are suspended. The dispersion is mixed and shaken at room temperature for a certain time period and then filtered to get the NS portion [73]. This portion is then freeze dried and the product got is used to calculate drug loading.…”

“…However, a drug that is loaded into a NS is stored and released slowly over time. Hydrophobic CD NSs are used as a continuous release carrier for water-soluble drugs, including peptide and protein drugs [73].…”

Strategies to Develop Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Smart Drug Delivery

“…The choice of appropriate synthetic conditions, allowed to obtain both watersoluble and water-insoluble polymer products, known also as CD-NSs or insoluble, and branched or soluble polymer [30][31][32]. The latter case allowed to overcome the limits of pristine CDs in terms of solubility in water and specific organic solvent, while the resulting formation of a three-dimensional cross-linked network was related to the presence of interstitial spaces among the monomers [33]. In this regard, the nature of the cross-linker and its amount in respect to the CD, ratio which defines the so-called cross-linking density, are presented to have a great impact on the properties and structure of the final material [34].…”