2022
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839464
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Cyclophosphamide Induces the Ferroptosis of Tumor Cells Through Heme Oxygenase-1

Abstract: Ferroptosis has been implicated in the therapeutic responses of various types of tumors. Cyclophosphamide (CTX), one of the most successful antitumor agents, is widely used to treat both hematopoietic and solid tumors. In this study, we revealed the ferroptosis pathway targeted by CTX treatment in tumor cells and clarified its mechanisms. Cell viability was remarkably suppressed by CTX, accompanied by the accumulation of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione levels, deformed… Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(21 citation statements)
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References 36 publications
(47 reference statements)
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“…Although cyclophosphamide (CTX) was not recommended in the treatment of RA, it was still the choice for cutaneous vasculitis accompanied by RA. In 2022, Shi et al found that CTX could increase LIP and induce ferroptosis by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) expression in glioblastoma cells and breast cancer cells, as well as in vivo (85). In the same year, other researchers proposed an alternative idea that CTX may lead to GPX4 degradation, which in turn leads to caspase-independent parthanatos rather than lipid peroxidation-mediated ferroptosis in human leukemia cell lines, which provided new perspectives on the role of GPX4 beyond ferroptosis (81).…”
Section: Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although cyclophosphamide (CTX) was not recommended in the treatment of RA, it was still the choice for cutaneous vasculitis accompanied by RA. In 2022, Shi et al found that CTX could increase LIP and induce ferroptosis by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) expression in glioblastoma cells and breast cancer cells, as well as in vivo (85). In the same year, other researchers proposed an alternative idea that CTX may lead to GPX4 degradation, which in turn leads to caspase-independent parthanatos rather than lipid peroxidation-mediated ferroptosis in human leukemia cell lines, which provided new perspectives on the role of GPX4 beyond ferroptosis (81).…”
Section: Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inhibition of nitrogen fixation 1 (NFS1), which provides sulfur from cysteine for the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, activates the iron starvation response by simultaneously increasing transferrin receptor (TFRC) expression and degrading ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), causing an increase in free iron ions, thereby making cells sensitive to ferroptosis activator ( 53 55 ). Overactivated heme oxygenase 1 increases intracellular free iron content and enhances ferroptosis effect by degrading hemoglobin into free iron, biliverdin, and carbon monoxide ( 56 58 ). Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) recognizes intracellular after ferritin recognition, and ferritin transfers stored ferric ions to the autophagosome for degradation, which, in turn, releases ferric ions into the cytoplasm to become free iron, a process also known as iron autophagy ( 59 , 60 ).…”
Section: Ferroptosismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In gastrointestinal cancer, HO-1 expression in colorectal tumor cells was significantly higher than in normal cells, and an HO inhibitor increased chemotherapeutic sensitivity [ 46 ]. Recently, ferroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death regulated by iron accumulation [ 53 ], has been paid attention to, because several chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to induce ferroptosis in cancer cells [ 54 , 55 ]. The major intracellular iron source is the HO reaction; therefore, inducible HO-1 is an important enzyme, changing the intracellular iron distribution and leading to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation during ferroptotic cell death.…”
Section: Role Of Ho-1 In Protecting the Gastrointestinal Tract Agains...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…HO-1 acts as a critical mediator in the induction of ferroptosis by operating cellular iron levels [ 56 ]. HO-1-mediated induction of ferroptosis suggested a novel chemotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment [ 55 , 57 ].…”
Section: Role Of Ho-1 In Protecting the Gastrointestinal Tract Agains...mentioning
confidence: 99%