Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery

Abstract

In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.

Impact of fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles on the production of emerging toxins by Aspergillus flavus

“…Similar FNP dose-dependent decrease that was reported for AFT B 1 in YES media 13 was recorded in our present study. This could be additional data to confirm previous reports of co-occurrence of cyclopiazonic acid with aflatoxins 44 .…”

“…produce cyclopiazonic acid, which causes degenerative changes and necrosis in the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, salivary glands, myocardium and skeletal muscles, based on toxic effects observed in male and female rats 44 . Aflatoxins often co-occur with cyclopiazonic acid in high quantities in maize and peanuts suggesting that synergism from their co-exposures may occur 44 . In addition, cyclopiazonic acid may be co-produced with other metabolites as found in the present study (Figs.…”

Comprehensive Analysis of the Alternaria Mycobolome Using Mass Spectrometry Based Metabolomics

“…The fungi decompose natural as well as artificial substrates and cause plant diseases such as black rot of tomato, olive, and carrots and black and grey rot of citrus fruits . Besides, cereals such as wheat, barley, oats, and sorghum are frequently infected by Alternaria fungi resulting in losses of agricultural products in the field and during postharvest storage . Common Alternaria species are Alternaria (A.)…”

“…In previous studies, the benzopyrones exhibited genotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic effects in vitro and caused DNA damages in human colon carcinoma cells . Additionally, AOH and AME were described to act as topoisomerase poison and to inhibit the catalytic activity of topoisomerase IIα . While the acute toxicity of AOH and AME is rather low, TA is acutely toxic to mice, chicken, and dogs .…”

“…While the acute toxicity of AOH and AME is rather low, TA is acutely toxic to mice, chicken, and dogs . No mutagenicity was observed for the tetramic acid derivative in bacterial systems, whereas the altertoxins were mutagenic in the Salmonella Ames Test and strongly genotoxic in mammalian and human cells . Contrarily to the other mycotoxins, TEN is characterized as phytotoxin and inhibits the cyclic photophosphorylation in chloroplasts …”