Cycloplegic Refractions in Healthy Children Aged 1 Through 48 Months

Abstract

Objectives: To provide a description of refractive errors in healthy, term-born children, aged 1 through 48 months, and to test the hypotheses that spherical equivalent becomes significantly less hyperopic and less variable with increasing age. Methods: Following a prospective, cross-sectional design, cycloplegic retinoscopy was used to measure the refractive error in both eyes of 514 healthy, term-born children in 12 age groups. Three hundred were aged 12 months or younger. Spherical equivalent and cylindrical power and axis were analyzed as a function of age. Prediction limits for spherical equivalent were calculated. Results: Spherical equivalents of right and left eyes did not differ at any age. Hyperopia declined significantly with increasing age. The variability in spherical equivalent also decreased significantly with age. Cylindrical error of 1 diopter or more was found in 25% of the children; the proportion with astigmatism was highest in infancy and then waned. Myopia and anisometropia were rare, occurring in 3% and 1% of the sample, respectively. Conclusions: Significant declines in hyperopia and variability of spherical equivalent appear to be features of emmetropization. The normal prediction limits provide guidelines against which data from individual patients can be compared.

Ocular pathology in congenital heart disease

“…[42][43][44][45] Trichomegaly could be related to the high degree of consanguinity between the parents as suggested by Harrison and Mullaney 46 and not part of a syndrome.…”

Prevalência de astigmatismo refracional e sua relação com a acuidade visual de resolução em crianças de 2 a 36 meses

“…Em relação aos casos em que a ametropia era maior ou igual a 2,00 DC, o mesmo estudo mostrou freqüência de 5,7% em crianças até 15 meses, valor semelhante ao observado na presente amostra. Em um estudo (17) , ao fazer retinoscopia sob cicloplegia em crianças até 48 meses, os autores encontraram astigmatismo maior do que 1,00 DC em 25% das crianças e acima de 2,00 DC em 3%.…”

“…Estes achados se chocam com a maioria dos trabalhos anteriores. Em outro estudo, o autor (18) encontrou freqüência do tipo contra a regra duas vezes e meia maior do que a favor da regra em crianças cicloplegiadas abaixo de 3,5 anos, quando passou a predominar o astigmatismo a favor da regra; outros (17) encontraram astigmatismo contra a regra em 56% das crianças até 48 meses, a favor da regra em 29% e oblíquo em 14%.…”

139: An evidence-based update on myopia and interventions to retard its progression

“…[5][6][7] Epidemiological studies in Western populations have collectively shown the prevalence of myopia to be low (<5%) in children aged 8 years or younger. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, studies in Asian children suggest a significantly higher prevalence of myopia, affecting 9% to 15% of preschool children 15,16 and 29% of primary school children in Singapore. 17 A study of 10,000 Taiwanese school children found that the prevalence of myopia was 6% in 6-yearolds, with the prevalence increasing to more than 70% by age of 15 years.…”