The
CI
engine has changed significantly over the last quarter of the century, in terms of technology and performance giving at the same time to customer more fuel economy and more driving pleasure. From a societal viewpoint, it has provided significant fuel saving and
CO
2
emission reduction and it has complied with ever more stringent emission regulations. This evolution has been supported by a sustained technological improvement. This chapter discusses the advanced engine technologies that became essential. They include fuel injection with rate shaping capability and elevated injection pressures, variable geometry engine characteristics along with optimized turbocharging and downsizing, flexible engine systems, thermal management, friction loss reduction, advanced combustion modes, and advanced exhaust aftertreatment systems for emission control.