Abstract:Lehtijärvi A., Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi H.T., Oskay F. (2014): Cylindrocladium buxicola is threatening the native Buxus sempervirens populations in Turkey -short communication. Plant Protect Sci., 50: 227-229.Cylindrocladium buxicola is a fungal pathogen of Buxus spp. in Turkey; the pathogen was first noted in 2011 on the native populations of B. sempervirens in forests in Trabzon in the Black Sea region. Surveys conducted in November 2012 revealed a devastating impact of the pathogen on natural B. sempervirens popul… Show more
“…The disease was first identified in Asia in the Republic of Georgia in 2010 and Abkhazia in 2011, where it affected native stands of B. colchica (Gasich et al 2013 ; Gorgiladze et al 2011 ). Since then, boxwood blight has been found throughout the native forests of Iran and on wild native B. sempervirens in Turkey where up to 90% of some boxwood populations were completely defoliated just 1 year after the first detection in 2011 (Akilli et al 2012 ; Lehtijärvi et al 2014 , 2017 ; Mirabolfathy et al 2013 ). Fig.…”
Section: Emergence Of Boxwood Blight On Ornamental and Native Boxwoodmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The increasing number of boxwood blight outbreaks across the European continent and the USA suggests that the pathogen may have been spread via anthropogenic pathways, such as inadvertent transport of infected nursery stock. However, reports of the disease in native ecosystems and a lack of information surrounding the geographic origins of the fungi that cause the disease raise unanswered questions (Akilli et al 2012 ; Gasich et al 2013 ; Gorgiladze et al 2011 ; Lehtijärvi et al 2014 , 2017 ; Mirabolfathy et al 2013 ). For example, are all of these outbreaks due to human-mediated movement of the pathogen?…”
Section: Emergence Of Boxwood Blight On Ornamental and Native Boxwoodmentioning
Boxwood blight is an emerging disease of ornamental and native boxwood plants in the family Buxaceae. First documented in the 1990s at a single location in England, the disease is now reported throughout Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and North America. To address the growing concern over boxwood blight, ongoing research focuses on multiple biological and genetic aspects of the causal pathogens and susceptible host plants. Characterization of genetic variation among the Calonectria fungi that cause boxwood blight shows that two unique sister species with different geographic distributions incite the disease. Studies of the pathogen life cycle show the formation of long-lived survival structures and that host infection is dependent on inoculum density, temperature, and humidity. Host range investigations detail high levels of susceptibility among boxwood as well as the potential for asymptomatic boxwood infection and for other plants in the family Buxaceae to serve as additional hosts. Multiple DNA-based diagnostic assays are available, ranging from probe-based quantitative PCR assays to the use of comparative genomics to develop robust diagnostic markers or provide whole genome-scale identifications. Though many questions remain, the research that continues to address boxwood blight demonstrates the importance of applying a multidisciplinary approach to understand and control emerging plant diseases.
“…The disease was first identified in Asia in the Republic of Georgia in 2010 and Abkhazia in 2011, where it affected native stands of B. colchica (Gasich et al 2013 ; Gorgiladze et al 2011 ). Since then, boxwood blight has been found throughout the native forests of Iran and on wild native B. sempervirens in Turkey where up to 90% of some boxwood populations were completely defoliated just 1 year after the first detection in 2011 (Akilli et al 2012 ; Lehtijärvi et al 2014 , 2017 ; Mirabolfathy et al 2013 ). Fig.…”
Section: Emergence Of Boxwood Blight On Ornamental and Native Boxwoodmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The increasing number of boxwood blight outbreaks across the European continent and the USA suggests that the pathogen may have been spread via anthropogenic pathways, such as inadvertent transport of infected nursery stock. However, reports of the disease in native ecosystems and a lack of information surrounding the geographic origins of the fungi that cause the disease raise unanswered questions (Akilli et al 2012 ; Gasich et al 2013 ; Gorgiladze et al 2011 ; Lehtijärvi et al 2014 , 2017 ; Mirabolfathy et al 2013 ). For example, are all of these outbreaks due to human-mediated movement of the pathogen?…”
Section: Emergence Of Boxwood Blight On Ornamental and Native Boxwoodmentioning
Boxwood blight is an emerging disease of ornamental and native boxwood plants in the family Buxaceae. First documented in the 1990s at a single location in England, the disease is now reported throughout Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and North America. To address the growing concern over boxwood blight, ongoing research focuses on multiple biological and genetic aspects of the causal pathogens and susceptible host plants. Characterization of genetic variation among the Calonectria fungi that cause boxwood blight shows that two unique sister species with different geographic distributions incite the disease. Studies of the pathogen life cycle show the formation of long-lived survival structures and that host infection is dependent on inoculum density, temperature, and humidity. Host range investigations detail high levels of susceptibility among boxwood as well as the potential for asymptomatic boxwood infection and for other plants in the family Buxaceae to serve as additional hosts. Multiple DNA-based diagnostic assays are available, ranging from probe-based quantitative PCR assays to the use of comparative genomics to develop robust diagnostic markers or provide whole genome-scale identifications. Though many questions remain, the research that continues to address boxwood blight demonstrates the importance of applying a multidisciplinary approach to understand and control emerging plant diseases.
“…Apart from ornamental settings, the disease is killing B. sempervirens (and the putative species, B. colchica) in the wild in some European and Eurasian countries. In Turkey, for example, where B. sempervirens is the dominant understory species in forests of the north-eastern Black Sea region, as many as 90% of certain box populations lost all foliage within 12 months of the first report of the disease occurrence (Figure 6; Akilli et al 2012, Mirabolfathy et al 2013, Lehtijärvi et al 2014, 2017. Conditions in the Black Sea region of Turkey and neighbouring Georgia, with high humidity most of the time, are perfect for disease development and spread of the spores.…”
In the past 25 to 30 years, a marked increase has occurred in numbers of invasive alien pests and pathogens recorded, damaging agriculture, horticulture and forest environments. The reasons for this upsurge are clear: all involve human-driven factors, with, arguably, global trade as the most important component in the complex. Climate change is another major factor. Each plant transported through trade could carry cryptic pests or pathogens, which may be introduced into previously naïve environments and lead to major health issues on previously unaffected plants. Global trade in plants is a complex system, driven by a desire to use large plants in landscapes and demand for varied species for gardens. Examples of invasive alien pathogens causing wide-spread problems on a global scale currently include many Phytophthora species, Dothistroma needle blight of pines, and Xylella fastidiosa on a wide range of trees. A striking example recently was the spread of the Dutch elm disease pathogen, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, in North America and Western Europe. Many invasive pathogens cause problems in localized regions, including Ceratocystis platani, killing Platanus in some European countries. Other examples include the threat of pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), damage to Cupressus in Mediterranean landscapes caused by Seiridium cardinale, dieback of sweet chestnut (Castanea) caused by the canker pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, and many others. In addition to global trade, climate change appears to be exacerbating the problems, with major influences on establishment and spread of alien invasive species. Hope lies in the enormous genetic ‘power’ of plants: humans could establish selection and breeding programmes that will ultimately enable us to plant trees with greater tolerance of changing climate and pests and pathogens, whether native or invasive.
“…Destructive effects have been reported in the infested regions. About 90% defoliation of boxwood can be caused by this fungal disease (Lehtijärvi et al, 2014(Lehtijärvi et al, , 2017.…”
Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) is a primary pest on boxwood. The larvae of this pest cause damage by eating the leaves. They prevent the plant from performing photosynthesis, gnaw the bark of the shoots, damage the cambium layer and thus dry the boxwood shoots and branches. The boxwood moth, which is an exotic species in Türkiye, was first found in gardens and parks in Istanbul in 2011 and subsequently in Artvin and Düzce in 2015, and Bartın in 2016. The aim of this study is to develop a control method for this pest by considering the damage of the species. In this context, bacteria were isolated from the larvae collected from Artvin in May 2021 and bacteria screening was conducted to obtain an effective isolate. At the end of this isolation, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner, 1915) (Bacteria: Bacillaceae) was found. When cry gene analysis of this bacterium was performed, it was determined that it contained cry1, cry3 and cry4 genes. The insecticidal activity of this bacterium was tested on C. perspectalis and a mortality rate of 85% was obtained.
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