Cypsela or achene? Refining terminology by considering anatomical and historical factors

Marzinek, Juliana; De-Paula, Orlando Cavalari; Oliveira, Denise María Trombert

doi:10.1590/s0100-84042008000300018

Cited by 57 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Foram colocadas 25 cipselas (MARZINEK et al, 2008) de alface (Lactuca sativa L. -cultivar 'Grand Rapids') em placas de Petri contendo duas folhas de papel de filtro, e 2,5 mL de cada solução contendo as diferentes concentrações de Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . As placas foram mantidas em câmara tipo B.O.D.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Fitotoxicidade do chumbo na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface em função da anatomia radicular e ciclo celular.

Pereira

Rodrigues

et al. 2013

AGRO@MBIENTE

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Resumo -Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a fitotoxicidade de cinco concentrações de chumbo na germinação, anatomia radicular, e divisão celular de alface. Cipselas de alface foram colocadas em placas de Petri com papel de filtro e 2,5 mL de solução contendo 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 5,0 mM de Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . As placas permaneceram em câmara do tipo B.O.D. a 25°C com fotoperíodo de 12 h, sendo avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: germinação, crescimento inicial, anatomia radicular, índice mitótico e frequência de anormalidades cromossômicas no meristema apical radicular. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. A germinação das sementes e o crescimento inicial das plântulas foram reduzidos proporcionalmente ao aumento nas concentrações de chumbo. A anatomia radicular apresentou reduções nas barreiras apoplásticas e modificações do xilema relacionadas com um aumento na condutividade hidráulica na presença de chumbo. O índice mitótico foi reduzido e as anormalidades cromossômicas foram aumentadas na presença das diferentes concentrações de chumbo. O sistema radicular da alface foi mais afetado que a parte aérea pelas doses de chumbo e os sintomas de fitotoxicidade mostraram-se relacionados a redução no índice mitótico do meristema apical radicular e maior condução de chumbo para a parte aérea. Palavras-chave -Bioindicadores. Citogenética. Lactuca sativa. Metais pesados. Mudanças estruturais.Abstract -This work aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of five lead concentrations on germination, root anatomy and cell cycle of lettuce. Lettuce cypselae were placed in Petri dishes covered with filter paper and 2.5 mL of solution containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 mM of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . Dishes were maintained in growth chamber B.O.D. type at 25ºC and photoperiod of 12 h, the following variables were evaluated: germination percentage, early growth, root anatomy, mitotic index and the rate of chromosomal abnormalities on root apical meristem. The seed germination and seedlings early growth were both reduced proportionally to the increase in lead concentrations. The root anatomy showed decreases in apoplastic barriers and modifications on the xylem related to the increase of hydraulic conductivity in the presence of lead. There were reductions in the mitotic index and na increase in chromosomal abnormalities under the different lead concentrations. Therefore, the lettuce root system were more affected by lead concentrations and the phytotoxicity symptoms are related to the reductions on mitotic index on root apical meristem and anatomical modifications related to higher lead translocation to plant shoots.

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Section: Methodsunclassified

Fitotoxicidade do chumbo na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface em função da anatomia radicular e ciclo celular.

Pereira

Rodrigues

et al. 2013

AGRO@MBIENTE

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“…Marzinek et al (2008) took into consideration many anatomical and historical aspects of Asteraceae fruits, especially their complex origin, and reaffirmed their true nature as cypselae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Structure and ontogeny of the pericarp of six Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) with ecological and taxonomic considerations

Marzinek

Oliveira

2010

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The ontogeny of cypselae and their accessory parts were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy for the species Campuloclinium macrocephalum, Chromolaena stachyophylla, Mikania micrantha, Praxelis pauciflora, Symphyopappus reticulatus, and Vittetia orbiculata, some of these being segregated from the genus Eupatorium. A layer of phytomelanin observed in the fruit appears to be secreted by the outer mesocarp into the schizogenous spaces between the outer and inner mesocarp; its thickness was observed to vary among the different species examined. The bristles of the pappus are vascularized, except in M. micrantha, and have cells that are superficially projected and arranged acropetally; in S. reticulatus some of the projections are retrorse and a fracture line on the floral disk that is only seen in this species may indicate a double dispersal process. Numerous differences observed among the cypselae examined here reinforce earlier segregations of the genus Eupatorium sensu lato.

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“…al., 2002). Marzinek et al (2008) adopt the term cypsela as a complex fruit, dry, indehiscent, unilocular, with a single seed not adnate to the pericarp (linked only by the funicle) and originating from an inferior ovary. Cypsela and pappus are two morphological features which are aiding in taxonomic classifications at tribal levels of Asteraceae (Talukdar, 2008;Frangiote-Pallone and Antonio de Souza, 2014;Talukdar and Mukherjee, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2015

Plant Sci Today

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An investigation was carried out to reveal the taxonomic importance of cypselar features of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. and Vernonia cinerea Less. through morpho-anatomical manifestations in the plesiomorphic tribe Vernonieae of the dicot family Asteraceae. A light microscopic (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study unraveled various morphological features of the cypsela. Among them, apical part, wall surface, surface hairs, nature, structure and arrangement of carpopodium, and stylopodium are taxonomically important traits. Furthermore, presence or absence of glands in wall surface, pappus bristles, testal nature, distribution of crystal and in pericarp and/or testa and endosperms of cypselas can also be considered as taxonomically significant. Distinct differences were observed between two taxa for many characteristics. Notable among these were occurrence of stylopodium, size of cypsela (without pappus), nature of pappus, thickness of pericarp, presence or absence of ribs, layer of radially elongated cells in mesocarpic sclerenchyma ans parenchyma, presence of additional uniseriate palisade like sclerenchymatous layer in V. anthelmintica, but not in V. cinerea, testal epidermal layer, nature of endosperm layer, and crystal formation. Similarities between two taxa were also noted. Based on structural manifestations of cypsela at morphoanatomical levels, an indented dichotomous key is provided for identification of studied taxa.

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Cypsela or achene? Refining terminology by considering anatomical and historical factors

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Fitotoxicidade do chumbo na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface em função da anatomia radicular e ciclo celular.

Fitotoxicidade do chumbo na germinação e crescimento inicial de alface em função da anatomia radicular e ciclo celular.

Structure and ontogeny of the pericarp of six Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) with ecological and taxonomic considerations

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