Cysteine and Methionine Biosynthetic Enzymes Have Distinct Effects on Seed Nutritional Quality and on Molecular Phenotypes Associated With Accumulation of a Methionine-Rich Seed Storage Protein in Rice

Whitcomb, Sarah J.; Rakpenthai, Apidet; Brückner, Franziska; Fischer, Axel; Parmar, S.; Erban, Alexander; Kopka, Joachim; Hawkesford, Malcolm J.; Hoefgen, Rainer

doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01118

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, metabolism is shaped by genes, but metabolic machinery is affected by changes in the concentration of metabolites, which, in turn, can act as substrates and cofactors for post-translational modifications. Although recognized, this fact could be exemplified with the pool of methyl donor S-methyl methionine (SMM) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), synthetized from methionine, as SAM/SMM can fluctuate in concentration, limit activity of methyltransferases, and influence regulation of gene expression in several organisms [ 19 , 20 ]. Our results open a door to study whether genes in charge of transport and assimilation can be regulated by a pool of sulfur organic compounds in algae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

2022

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The synthesis of cell-wall sulfated galactans proceeds through UDP galactose, a major nucleotide sugar in red seaweed, whilst sulfate is transported through S-transporters into algae. Moreover, synthesis of ethylene, a volatile plant growth regulator that plays an important role in red seaweed reproduction, occurs through S-adenosyl methionine. This means that sulfur metabolism is involved in reproduction events as well as sulfated galactan synthesis of red seaweed. In this work we study the effects of methionine and MgSO4 on gene expression of polygalactan synthesis through phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) and of sulfate assimilation (S-transporter and sulfate adenylyltransferase, SAT) using treatment of ethylene for15 min, which elicited cystocarp development in Grateloupia imbricata. Also, expressions of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and galactose-6-sulfurylase in charge of the addition and removal of sulfate groups to galactans backbone were examined. Outstanding results occurred in the presence of methionine, which provoked an increment in transcript number of genes encoding S-transporter and assimilation compared to controls regardless of the development stage of thalli. Otherwise, methionine diminished the transcript levels of PGM and GALT and expressions are associated with the fertilization stage of thalli of G. imbricata. As opposite, methionine and MgSO4 did not ffect the transcript number of carbohydrate sulfotransferase and galactose-6-sulfurylase. Nonetheless, differential expression was obtained for sulfurylases according to the development stages of thalli of G. imbricata.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

2022

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“…Cysteine is a component of wheat gluten. It was reported that increasing the cysteine content in the cereal kernels, increasing its quality (Whitcomb et al 2020). Therefore, this network is very important in improving wheat tolerance to Pb as well as producing kernel yield with high end-use quality.…”

Section: Gene Enrichment Biological Processes and Network Of Genes Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking the genetic control of spring wheat kernel traits under normal and heavy metals stress conditions

et al. 2022

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Background and aims Pb and Sn concentration increase rapidly due to the industrial revolution and cause a significant reduction in wheat production and productivity. Understanding the genetic control of Pb and Sn tolerance is very important to produce wheat cultivars that are tolerant to such metals. Methods Extensive genetic analyses using genome-wide association study, functional annotation, and gene enrichment were investigated in a set of 103 highly diverse spring wheat genotypes. Kernel traits such as kernel length (KL), kernel diameter (KD), kernel width (KW), and 1000-kernel weight (TKW) were measured under each metal as well as under controlled conditions. Results The GWAS identified a total of 131, 126, and 115 markers that were associated with kernel traits under Ctrl, Pb, and Sn. Moreover, the stress tolerance index (STI) for Pb and Sn was calculated and GWAS revealed 153 and 105 significant markers, respectively. Remarkably, one SNP Ku_c269_2643 located within TraesCS2A02G080700 gene model was found to be associated with KL under the three conditions. The results of gene enrichment revealed three, three, and six gene networks that have an association with the processes involved in kernel formation. The target alleles of all significant markers detected by GWAS were investigated in the most tolerant wheat genotypes to truly select the candidate parents for crossing in future breeding programs. Conclusion This is the first study that unlocked the genetic control of kernel yield under controlled and heavy metals conditions. Understanding the genetic control of kernel traits under heavy metals will accelerate breeding programs to improve wheat tolerance to Pb and Sn.

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“…Altering feedback inhibition. Many enzymes at the head of pathways are inhibited by downstream pathway intermediates or end-products and relieving this feedback inhibition is often effective in increasing flux in such pathways [51,52]. Selecting for feedback-insensitive microbial enzymes has a long track record of success [53][54][55] and can be extended to plant enzymes in microbes engineered to express them [56,57].…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for Applying Continuous Directed Evolution to Plant Enzymes: An Exploratory Study

García‐García

Joshi

Patterson

et al. 2020

Life

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Plant evolution has produced enzymes that may not be optimal for maximizing yield and quality in today’s agricultural environments and plant biotechnology applications. By improving enzyme performance, it should be possible to alleviate constraints on yield and quality currently imposed by kinetic properties or enzyme instability. Enzymes can be optimized more quickly than naturally possible by applying directed evolution, which entails mutating a target gene in vitro and screening or selecting the mutated gene products for the desired characteristics. Continuous directed evolution is a more efficient and scalable version that accomplishes the mutagenesis and selection steps simultaneously in vivo via error-prone replication of the target gene and coupling of the host cell’s growth rate to the target gene’s function. However, published continuous systems require custom plasmid assembly, and convenient multipurpose platforms are not available. We discuss two systems suitable for continuous directed evolution of enzymes, OrthoRep in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and EvolvR in Escherichia coli, and our pilot efforts to adapt each system for high-throughput plant enzyme engineering. To test our modified systems, we used the thiamin synthesis enzyme THI4, previously identified as a prime candidate for improvement. Our adapted OrthoRep system shows promise for efficient plant enzyme engineering.

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Cysteine and Methionine Biosynthetic Enzymes Have Distinct Effects on Seed Nutritional Quality and on Molecular Phenotypes Associated With Accumulation of a Methionine-Rich Seed Storage Protein in Rice

Abstract: further improve the methionine content in rice should focus on increasing seed sulfur loading and avoiding the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Cited by 12 publications

References 80 publications

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

S-Assimilation Influences in Carrageenan Biosynthesis Genes during Ethylene-Induced Carposporogenesis in Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata

Unlocking the genetic control of spring wheat kernel traits under normal and heavy metals stress conditions

Potential for Applying Continuous Directed Evolution to Plant Enzymes: An Exploratory Study

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