Cysteine Protease Inhibitors from Calotropis procera with Antiplasmodial Potential in Mice

Abdulkadir, Abdullahi; Umar, I.A.; Ibrahim, S.; Onyike, Elewechi; Kabiru, Adamu Yusuf

doi:10.9734/jamps/2016/22866

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This may increase the exposure of host susceptibility to subsequent co-infection with other helminth parasites. With a longitudinal study, a similar effect has been reported to occur in a naturally-affected livestock species 160 , involving free-ranging African buffalo infected with Cooperia fuelleborni, had greater burdens of schistosomes (Schistosoma mattheei) than those with negative presence of this nematode species. However, the processes that moderate such effects in the co-infected animals remain unknown, albeit the variations of the host in susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes 161…”

Section: Effects Of Malaria Co-infection On Schistosome (Blood Fluke)...supporting

confidence: 60%

Molecular and Epigenetics Mechanisms for the Immune Control of Plasmodium Parasites Infection: A Comprehensive Review

Adejoh,

Madu,

Egua

et al. 2023

Asian J. Biol. Sci

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Malaria is a vector-borne infection common in tropical and subtropical countries. The immunological reactions warranted by the malaria Plasmodium falciparum parasite occur with multiple features, as seen in the human host and in the Anopheles mosquito. Numerous methods using phytomedicines and molecular strategies exist for disruption of Plasmodium transmission. Herein, the molecular and cellular basics occurring in the vector and host immune response are explicitly discussed with a view towards effective drug targeting. A key area of interest to target for vaccine development is the CD4 + T helper cells production of proinflammatory cytokines that activate macrophages, thus promoting the activation of specific B cells as seen in the erythrocytic stage where the action of CD8 + T cells is thought to be insignificant. Similarly, the γδT and NK cells with IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme produced being implicated in destroying RBCs infected with P. falciparum. Moreover, some genetic markers such as the Dantu red blood cell variant, ABO blood group system, hemoglobinopathy, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, etc., associated with natural resistance to malaria parasites are also espoused. Through the course of human development, immune response to various toxicants, shown some elasticity towards microbial exposures, driving epigenetic modifications allowing innate immune cell programming. Malaria co-infection remains an issue, evidence suggests malaria and HIV infections, for instance, undergo bidirectional and synergistic interaction. Moving forward, some important biological receptors such as ferriprotoporphyrin, the involvement of anti Plasmodium IgG, SMI peptide and cyclotide antimicrobial peptide, regulate Plasmodium parasite immune response in the mosquito and possibly human host and the interaction of complement factors may bring about the immunological reaction to infection with Plasmodium. The incorporation of different clinical, genetic markers and epigenetic factors may help establish utility that may bring about a novel control mechanism involving molecular and epigenetic properties for malaria disease.

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Section: Effects Of Malaria Co-infection On Schistosome (Blood Fluke)...supporting

confidence: 60%

Molecular and Epigenetics Mechanisms for the Immune Control of Plasmodium Parasites Infection: A Comprehensive Review

Adejoh,

Madu,

Egua

et al. 2023

Asian J. Biol. Sci

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“…The bioactive/ chemical constituents of the plant latex were extracted following the experimental procedures developed by Abdullahi et al. [ [1] , [2] ] with slight modification in terms of volume. The steps involved are outlined below: Weigh 25g of the crude latex obtained from the plant stem using analytical graded weighing balance; Transfer the weighed latex into a conical flask; Measure 50 ml of 0.2M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), pour into the conical flask containing the latex and stir continuously for 20 min; Filter the latex-phosphate buffer mixture (in step 3) using muslin cloth to remove cell debris; Transfer the filtered latex-phosphate buffer mixture into test tubes and centrifuge (using Theodor Svedberg analytical centrifuge) for 15 min at 10,000 rpm to obtain a clear filtrate; Separate the clear filtrate into a beaker for acetone precipitation.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was based on the modified protocols earlier developed by Abdullahi et al. [1] with adjusted changes in terms of volume ratio of cold acetone to latex extract and the duration of precipitation. The detail steps are: 50 ml of crude latex extract (clear filtrate) obtained after centrifugation was transferred into a conical flask; 25 ml of cold acetone was added into the conical flask containing the clear filtrate and stirred continuously for 20 min; After 20 min of stirring, the conical flask was set up in a vacuum pump for suction filtration to separate the precipitate from the mixture; The precipitate obtained in step 3 was placed in a petri dish and allowed for air drying; The air-dried acetone powder was suspended in 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) and stored at 4°C; The percentage yield of the dried extract is calculated using the relationship: % yield of dried extract = weight of dried extract / weight of wet crude latex X 100.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Anti-Plasmodial potential of Calotropis procera Latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei

2021

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Current artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) regimen for the treatment of malaria is effective, but cases of malaria parasite's resistance to existing antimalarial drugs is worrisome. This necessitates the development of new, safe, effective and affordable chemotherapy. We describe protocols for each step involved in the Anti-Plasmodial evaluation of Calotropis procera latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei . The protocols include: (1) determination of the chemical/ phytochemical constituents of Calotropis procera latex, (2) determination of the acute toxicity/ median lethal dose (LD 50 ) and therapeutic dose of the plant latex, in vivo , and (3) in vivo determination of the Anti-Plasmodial potential of Calotropis procera latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei . We likewise describe our methodology for direct quantitation of percentage yield of the extract of Calotropis procera latex, and the statistical methodology for assessment of toxicity and efficacy in evaluating the Anti-Plasmodial activity of the plant. Multi-step pipeline for the extraction of the bioactive constituents of the plant latex using 0.2M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and cold acetone. Detailed protocols for the determination of acute toxicity/ median lethal dose (LD 50 ) and calculation of therapeutic dose for intraperitoneal injection to achieve effective dose levels. Determination of the phytochemical constituents using standard procedures, and in vivo efficacy against Plasmodium berghei using methodology to directly quantify the parasite level after treatment.

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“…The life cycle of the pathogenic organism has been a subject of interest in the design of antiplasmodial drugs. Novel design of cysteine protease inhibitor responsible for prevention of the formation of hemozoine in human erythrocyte has certain constraints due to the development of different strains of plasmodium parasite that expresses resistance to antimalarial drugs (Abdukadir, Ismail, Sani, Elewechi, & Adamu, 2016). This has led researchers to focus on other ways, which may prove useful in the control of malaria, moving forward.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Malaria by Blocking Transmission of Plasmodium

Adejoh¹,

Egua²,

Okoh³

2018

IJB

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Malaria is a major global health problem with the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Unfortunately, Nigeria accounts for 25 percent of the world’s malaria burden and it accounts for more deaths than HIV/AIDS. The causative agent of malaria is plasmodium species. This paper reviews the current approaches to inhibiting plasmodium transmission, and the phyto active compound currently in use in the sSA (particularly in Nigeria) with the goal to ameliorate the high incidence of malaria and to correlating it with recent progress and scientific understanding. Using search engines, several databases including Google scholar, Pub Med, Academic Resource Index, Scopus, etcetera, were utilized to source for relevant publications and literatures. The complex life cycle of the Plasmodium species (causative agent of malaria) gives room for measures that can disrupt its completion. Several methods are currently being tested and experimented on to disrupt the parasite transmission. The disruption of a cell surface transport protein, Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor (FLVCR) that pumps heme out of the cell; Gene silencing-techniques used to reduce the levels of FLVCR in the mosquito gut; Prevention of the interaction between the plasmodium TRAP and the Anopheles Saglin protein, which aid the malaria parasite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland; Prevention of the Interaction of Surface Enolase and Plasminogen of Mammalian Blood, disrupting an important role in ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut; the use of Plants with antimicrobial peptides(cyclotide), that possess structural similarities to SM1 peptide, an inhibitor of plasmodium TRAP-saglin binding;and Use of Phyto-Active Compounds to Block Plasmodium Transmission. These approaches are novel methods in the control and transmission of plasmodium species/malaria. Chemically, phytochemicals with structural similarities to artemisinin, (asesquiteterpene lactone containing an unusual peroxide bridge) is thought of to be present in certain plants with antimalarial and other medicinal value.

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Cysteine Protease Inhibitors from Calotropis procera with Antiplasmodial Potential in Mice

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Molecular and Epigenetics Mechanisms for the Immune Control of Plasmodium Parasites Infection: A Comprehensive Review

Molecular and Epigenetics Mechanisms for the Immune Control of Plasmodium Parasites Infection: A Comprehensive Review

Evaluation of the Anti-Plasmodial potential of Calotropis procera Latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei

Control of Malaria by Blocking Transmission of Plasmodium

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