Cystoliths of Parietaria judaica can serve as an internal source of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation when stomata are closed

Γιαννόπουλος, Ανδρέας; Nikolopoulos, Dimosthenis; Bresta, Panagiota; Samantas, Aris; Reppa, Chrysavgi; Karaboiki, Kalliopi; Ḏotsika, Elissavet; Fasseas, Costas; Λιακόπουλος, Γεώργιος; Karabourniotis, George

doi:10.1093/jxb/erz316

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Pavement cells (pv) of the adaxial epidermis are also visible. Photograph reproduced from [ 95 ]. ( c ) Electron scanning microscope view of an isolated cystolith from a Parietaria judaica leaf.…”

Section: Mesophyll Structural Elements Allow Efficient Light Propagation and Internal Light Homogenizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( c ) Electron scanning microscope view of an isolated cystolith from a Parietaria judaica leaf. Photograph reproduced from [ 95 ]. ( d ) Polarized light microscope paradermal view of a Vitis vinifera developing leaf bleached with a sodium hypochlorite solution.…”

Section: Mesophyll Structural Elements Allow Efficient Light Propagation and Internal Light Homogenizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection

Karabourniotis

Λιακόπουλος

Bresta

et al. 2021

Plants

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Leaves have evolved to effectively harvest light, and, in parallel, to balance photosynthetic CO2 assimilation with water losses. At times, leaves must operate under light limiting conditions while at other instances (temporally distant or even within seconds), the same leaves must modulate light capture to avoid photoinhibition and achieve a uniform internal light gradient. The light-harvesting capacity and the photosynthetic performance of a given leaf are both determined by the organization and the properties of its structural elements, with some of these having evolved as adaptations to stressful environments. In this respect, the present review focuses on the optical roles of particular leaf structural elements (the light capture module) while integrating their involvement in other important functional modules. Superficial leaf tissues (epidermis including cuticle) and structures (epidermal appendages such as trichomes) play a crucial role against light interception. The epidermis, together with the cuticle, behaves as a reflector, as a selective UV filter and, in some cases, each epidermal cell acts as a lens focusing light to the interior. Non glandular trichomes reflect a considerable part of the solar radiation and absorb mainly in the UV spectral band. Mesophyll photosynthetic tissues and biominerals are involved in the efficient propagation of light within the mesophyll. Bundle sheath extensions and sclereids transfer light to internal layers of the mesophyll, particularly important in thick and compact leaves or in leaves with a flutter habit. All of the aforementioned structural elements have been typically optimized during evolution for multiple functions, thus offering adaptive advantages in challenging environments. Hence, each particular leaf design incorporates suitable optical traits advantageously and cost-effectively with the other fundamental functions of the leaf.

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Section: Mesophyll Structural Elements Allow Efficient Light Propagation and Internal Light Homogenizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mesophyll Structural Elements Allow Efficient Light Propagation and Internal Light Homogenizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection

Karabourniotis

Λιακόπουλος

Bresta

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The mechanism of calciBcation in the leaf releases internal subsidiary non-atmospheric CO 2 for carboxylation process which is termed as 'Alarm Photosynthesis' and has been described earlier in detail (Setoguchi et al 1989;Tooulakou et al 2016). Alarm photosynthesis occurs through internal CO 2 especially during stress conditions when the stomata tend to remain closed, e.g., in drought conditions or warming (Giannopoulos et al 2019). The calcium and carbon inclusions (cystoliths) that are spread in photosynthetic organisms indicate an ancient origin and provide functional advantage in regulating Ca levels and release CO 2 and water molecules which play an essential role under drought conditions and sustain plants in dry climates (Karabourniotis et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intense plantation of tea, rubber, coffee and spices facilitated by 'agricultural liming' for neutralizing acidic soils is rapidly encroaching the habitat of S. kunthianus (Oates 2008;Nair et al 2019). Accumulation of calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate minerals as cystoliths in plants are biogenically mineralized intracellular inclusions (Okazaki et al 1986;Bauer et al 2011;He et al 2014;Giannopoulos et al 2019). The calcium minerals accumulated in leaves act as reservoirs of non-atmospheric CO 2 (releasing through calciBcation process in cystoliths) for photosynthesis during the daytime and play a crucial role in the survival of plants under stressed conditions that limit the stomatal conductance/ evapotranspiration (Webb 1999;Tooulakou et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of Strobilanthes kunthianus leaf: Its photosynthetic efficacy and water-use efficiency in a warming climate

Farooqui¹,

Agnihotri²,

Khan³

et al. 2021

J Earth Syst Sci

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Carbon assimilation in plants depends on both atmospheric CO 2 uptake and internal (non-atmospheric) CO 2 . To understand this mechanism in Strobilanthes kunthianus (an endemic pleitesial plant), we studied the leaf epidermal morphology, stomatal index (SI), cystoliths, carbon and nitrogen isotopes (d 13 C leaf , d 15 N leaf ) in herbarium samples collected during the bloom in 1958, 1970 and 2018 from Munnar region, India. The leaf epidermal morphology is xerophytic characterized by long, twisted and branched trichomes obscuring stomata to restrict evapotranspiration and thereby gaseous exchange. Our study shows that the values of d 13 C leaf decreased by 4% (À26.0 to À30.0%) accompanied by a decline in d 15 N leaf (+1.6 to À0.35%) from 1958 to 2018, respectively. The depleting trend in d 13 C leaf values indicates increasing photosynthetic eDcacy along with uptake of anthropogenically Bxed nitrogen (d 15 N % 0.0%). Albeit, we did not observe any alteration in SI (in response to present day increased atmospheric CO 2 ). Estimated intrinsic water use eDciency shows a reduction from 61 to 45 lmolÁmol À1 from 1958 to 2018, respectively. Leaf epidermal morphology remained static, low d 13 C leaf suggests increased photosynthesis with the use of non-atmospheric CO 2 stored in enhanced number of cystoliths during 2018 channelized via 'Alarm Photosynthesis'. Prolonged post-monsoon rainfall and soil amendment facilitated the mineral accumulation in S. kunthianus.

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“…On the other hand, the highest accumulating dicots, families Urticaceae, Moraceae and Cannabacaeae, produce silica in cystoliths. Different roles have been associated to cystoliths, such as internal source of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation and light scattering (Gal et al 2012;Giannopoulos et al 2019). Consequently, in this last group of dicot species, a higher silica content in leaves associated to cystoliths might be related to a specific role of silica in tissues.…”

Section: The Anatomical Origin Of Silicophytoliths In Different Taxa and Its Relation To Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

How Are Systematics and Biological and Ecological Features Related to Silica Content in Plants? A Study of Species from Southern South America

Honaine

Benvenuto

Montti

et al. 2021

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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Premise of the Research: Plant silica content depends on the phylogenetic position of a taxon; however, biological or ecological factors may also affect it. In this work, we analyzed data about silicophytolith content from 105 species of South America, examining, in a phylogenetic context, its relationship with the anatomy and ecological features such as life cycle, growth form, plant origin and environmental preferences.Methodology: Data about silicophytolith content and bio-ecological features of the species were obtained from published and unpublished sources. The relation between systematics, silica content and bio-ecological variables were analyzed through measurements of phylogenetic signal and phylogenetic generalized least-squares regressions (PGLS).Pivotal Results: 86% of the species produced between 0.38% and 19% dry weight of silicophytoliths in leaves. Silica content was variable between and within clades. λ and K values indicate a low phylogenetic signal for the variable silica content. Dicotyledons accumulated silica in typical epidermal cells, and a few families stored it also in cystoliths. Most of the monocot families showed high silicophytolith contents and high diversity of silicified cells. Plant origin affected silica contents: exotic species accumulated more than native ones. On the other hand, no statistical relationship was found between silica content and the other ecological variables.Conclusions: Silicophytolith accumulation is a common feature in most of the species studied. The low phylogenetic signal of silica content is explained by the inter and intra clade variability, which in turn support the hypothesis that silicophytolith accumulation is a homoplasic character among plants. Based on the overall analysis of the silicophytolith content and their tissue distribution, high content could be related to specific accumulation mechanisms and roles of silica. The origin of the plants was the only bio-ecological variable that influenced in plant silica content. This finding may indicate some ecological role of silica in exotic plants, involving the success of them in novel environments.

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Cystoliths of Parietaria judaica can serve as an internal source of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation when stomata are closed

Abstract: Under certain conditions, leaf cystoliths of Parietaria judaica can decompose, and the CO2 released can be photosynthetically assimilated. This process lowers surplus energy and protects the photosynthetic apparatus.

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection

The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements and Their Contribution to Photosynthetic Performance and Photoprotection

Temporal variability in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of Strobilanthes kunthianus leaf: Its photosynthetic efficacy and water-use efficiency in a warming climate

How Are Systematics and Biological and Ecological Features Related to Silica Content in Plants? A Study of Species from Southern South America

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