Cytocompatibility of Ti₃AlC₂, Ti₃SiC₂, and Ti₂AlN: In Vitro Tests and First-Principles Calculations

Abstract

Herein, the cytocompatibility of selected MAX phases, Ti3AlC2, Ti3SiC2, and Ti2AlN, were systematically evaluated using in vitro tests for the first time. These phases were anoxic to preosteoblasts and fibroblasts. Compared with the strong viable fibroblasts, the different cellular responses of these materials were clearly distinguishable for the preosteoblasts. Under an osteoblastic environment, Ti2AlN exhibited better cell proliferation and differentiation performance than Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2. Moreover, the performance was superior to that of a commercial Ti–6Al–4V alloy and comparable to that of pure Ti. A possible mechanism was suggested based on the different surface oxidation products, which were determined from the binding energy of adsorbed Ca2+ ions using first-principles calculations. Compared with the partially oxidized TiC x O y layer on Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2, the partially oxidized TiN x O y layer on the Ti2AlN had a stronger affinity to the Ca2+ ions, which indicated the good cytocompatibility of Ti2AlN.

Butane Dry Reforming Catalyzed by Cobalt Oxide Supported on Ti2AlC MAX Phase

“…[45] The presence of oxygen on the surface of the MAX phase is also detected (TiÀ O and AlÀ O peaks), showing that the MAX phase contains an oxide layer on the surface, in agreement with previous observations. [24,45] During the calcination of the Co 3 O 4 /Ti 2 AlC catalyst, the surface of the MAX phase changes ( Figure 6). The absence of characteristic TiÀ C and AlÀ Ti peaks indicates that the surface is partially oxidized during the preparation of the catalyst.…”

In situ decomposition of Ti2AlN promoted interfacial bonding in ZnAl-Ti2AlN biocomposites for bone repair

“…This property motivated our inspiration that the diffused Al atoms from the Ti 2 AlN might form a good bond with the Al atoms inside the ZnAl alloy owing to the inherent chemical affinity between the Al atoms, and the strong interfacial bonding would be obtained. In addition, it was reported that Ti 2 AlN exhibited better cell proliferation and differentiation ability than Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy and pure Ti [32], which endowed it potential in biomedical applications.…”

Promoting Role of MXene Nanosheets in Biomedical Sciences: Therapeutic and Biosensing Innovations

“…For this purpose, the first step is to understand the biological responses of host tissue cells to the MXene biointerfaces. Chen et al investigated the biocompatibility of Ti 3 AlC 2 , Ti 3 SiC 2 , and Ti 2 AlN with preosteoblasts and fibroblasts through cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and compared the results with pure Ti and Ti‐6Al‐4 V alloy as traditional Ti‐based materials used for implantation. Compared to noncoated Ti‐based specimens, the spreading of preosteoblast on MXenes, particularly Ti 2 AlN, was clearly promoted at initial stages of proliferation, reaching to 2901 µm 2 /cell.…”

“…b) Contact angle experiment performed with deionized water to determine the hydrophilicity of surfaces. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.…”

“…[19c,22] Some studies have also focused on biomedical capability of MXenes for the coating applications to strengthen and toughen implants . The bioinert Ti 3 SiC 2 MXene is known for this application since it does not elicit foreign body reactions . These applications stem from the facile surface modification of MXenes as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability, opening new doors for the fabrication of novel multifunctional MXenes in near future.…”