Cytogenetics of Holokinetic Chromosomes and Inverted Meiosis: Keys to the Evolutionary Success of Mites, with Generalizations on Eukaryotes

Wrensch, Dana L.; Kethley, John B.; Norton, Roy A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2389-5_11

Cited by 88 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Thus, the holokinetic structure of lepidopteran chromosomes might contribute to their evolutionary stability. This is a paradox because holokinetic chromosomes are expected to facilitate karyotype evolution via fusion and fission by reducing the risk of the formation of dicentric and/or acentric chromosomes (Wrensch et al, 1994;Carpenter et al, 2005). These hypotheses suggest that small and numerous holokinetic chromosomes predispose lepidopteran genomes to structural stasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

et al. 2012

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We have constructed a linkage map for the peppered moth (Biston betularia), the classical ecological genetics model of industrial melanism, aimed both at localizing the network of loci controlling melanism and making inferences about chromosome dynamics. The linkage map, which is based primarily on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and genes, consists of 31 linkage groups (LGs; consistent with the karyotype). Comparison with the evolutionarily distant Bombyx mori suggests that the gene content of chromosomes is highly conserved. Gene order is conserved on the autosomes, but noticeably less so on the Z chromosome, as confirmed by physical mapping using bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (BAC-FISH). Synteny mapping identified three pairs of B. betularia LGs (11/29, 23/30 and 24/31) as being orthologous to three B. mori chromosomes (11, 23 and 24, respectively). A similar finding in an outgroup moth (Plutella xylostella) indicates that the B. mori karyotype (n ¼ 28) is a phylogenetically derived state resulting from three chromosome fusions. As with other Lepidoptera, the B. betularia W chromosome consists largely of repetitive sequence, but exceptionally we found a W homolog of a Z-linked gene (laminin A), possibly resulting from ectopic recombination between the sex chromosomes. The B. betularia linkage map, featuring the network of known melanization genes, serves as a resource for melanism research in Lepidoptera. Moreover, its close resemblance to the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype (n ¼ 31) makes it a useful reference point for reconstructing chromosome dynamic events and ancestral genome architectures. Our study highlights the unusual evolutionary stability of lepidopteran autosomes; in contrast, higher rates of intrachromosomal rearrangements support a special role of the Z chromosome in adaptive evolution and speciation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

et al. 2012

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“…Reversion to sexual reproduction may be facilitated because transitions between different modes of reproduction exist in higher mite taxa (12). The studied parthenogenetic oribatid mite species reproduce by automictic thelytoky in which the meiotic maturation division is followed by fusion of haploid nuclei to restore diploidy (37). In automictic species, the reversion to sexual reproduction requires that the ability to produce males has been maintained during long evolutionary periods of parthenogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law

Domes

Norton

Maraun

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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141

115

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The dominance of sexual reproduction is still an unresolved enigma in evolutionary biology. Strong advantages of sex have to exist, because only a few parthenogenetic taxa persist over evolutionary timescales. Oribatid mites (Acari) include outstanding exceptions to the rule that parthenogenetically reproducing taxa are of recent origin and doomed to extinction. In addition to the existence of large parthenogenetic clusters in oribatid mites, phylogenetic analyses of this study and model-based reconstruction of ancestral states of reproduction imply that Crotoniidae have reevolved sexuality from parthenogenetic ancestors within one of those clusters. This reversal in reproductive mode is unique in the animal kingdom and violates Dollo's law that complex ancestral states can never be reacquired. The reevolution of sexuality requires that ancestral genes for male production are maintained over evolutionary time. This maintenance likely is true for oribatid mites because spanandric males exist in various species, although mechanisms that enable the storage of genetically ancestral traits are unclear. Our findings present oribatid mites as a unique model system to explore the evolutionary significance of parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction.oribatid mites ͉ parthenogenesis ͉ spanandric males ͉ automixis ͉ ancient asexuals

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“…Gender of the samples could not be determined because their genital opening are covered with plates and very small. There are diplodiploidy in the Acari and their ancestors (Norton et al, 1993;Wrensch et al, 1994). In diplodiploidy, sex determination is often performed with sex chromosomes and sex ratio is 1:1, approximately (Fisher, 1930).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In diplodiploidy, sex determination is often performed with sex chromosomes and sex ratio is 1:1, approximately (Fisher, 1930). Despite diplodiploidy, the sex determination is unknown in order Oribatida with the lack of sex chromosomes (Sokolov, 1954;Norton et al, 1993;Wrensch et al, 1994;Heethoff et al, 2006). Therefore, the males and females of oribatid mites have similar karyotypes with the equal number and type of chromosomes (Sokolov, 1954).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zygoribatula cognata (Oudemans)’nın (Acari: Oribatida: Oribatulidae) karyotip analizi

Eroğlu¹,

Per²

2016

Türk. entomol. derg.

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SummaryKaryotypic characters, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, monoploid ideogram and karyogram of Zygoribatula cognata (Oudemans) (Acari: Oribatida: Oribatulidae) were investigated for the first time. The chromosome number of Zygoribatula cognata was 2n = 30. The chromosomes were holocentric characterized with lack a localized centromere. No satellite was observed in the chromosomes. The sex chromosomes and sex determination of Zygoribatula cognata could not be determined.

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Cytogenetics of Holokinetic Chromosomes and Inverted Meiosis: Keys to the Evolutionary Success of Mites, with Generalizations on Eukaryotes

Cited by 88 publications

References 109 publications

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law

Zygoribatula cognata (Oudemans)’nın (Acari: Oribatida: Oribatulidae) karyotip analizi

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