Cytokine and adipokine are biofactors can act in blood and colostrum of obese mothers

Abstract

Breast milk contains bioactive components that contribute to newborn development. However, colostrum may undergo biochemical and immunological changes as a function of maternal overweight and obesity. To investigate this hypothesis, this study determined the levels of hormones and immunological markers in the serum and colostrum of overweight and obese mothers. Colostrum and serum samples were collected from 15 normoweight, 15 overweight, and 15 obese women for determination of leptin, adiponectin, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Obese mothers exhibited higher levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, serum and colostrum leptin and colostrum adiponectin and lower levels of serum adiponectin. Leptin levels in maternal serum and colostrum were positively correlated, as was pre-pregnancy BMI and serum TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, and leptin. Adiponectin levels in colostrum and serum were negatively correlated. The results suggest that obesity changes hormonal and immunological components of maternal serum and colostrum. The modifications can have short-term and long-term effects on newborn development. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):243-250, 2017.

Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk

“…While the analysis of breast milk inflammatory markers in epidemiological studies is still in its infancy and there are relatively few studies to which to compare our results, the mean levels of IL‐6 are similar to what has been previously reported in breast milk . Previously reported values for breast milk CRP are higher than observed in this study; however, one study included women with mastitis , and the second measured CRP levels in colostrum rather than mature breast milk ; therefore, we would expect to observe higher values. Furthermore, both of these studies used a less sensitive assay method than used in the current study.…”

Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk

“…2,3 Previously reported values for breast milk CRP are higher than observed in this study; however, one study included women with mastitis, 28 and the second measured CRP levels in colostrum rather than mature breast milk, 23 therefore we would expect to observe higher values. Further, both of these studies used a less sensitive assay method than used in the current study.…”

“…3 Fujimori and colleagues also found no associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category and colostrum IL-6 or CRP in 45 Brazilian women. 23 However, we did observe an inverse association between breast milk IL-6 and infant weight-for-length z-score, bmi-for-age z-score, weight gain from birth to one month, percent fat, and fat mass. 2 Thus, while it is established that IL-6 and CRP are found in breast milk, and may play an active role in infant development, existing studies on a connection between maternal obesity or weight patterns on breast milk inflammatory markers are limited by small sample sizes.…”

“…2,3,23,24 In previous work, we reported no association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with 1 and 6 month breast milk IL-6 levels in 37 exclusively breastfeeding women. 3 Fujimori and colleagues also found no associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category and colostrum IL-6 or CRP in 45 Brazilian women.…”

Bioactive Factors in Breast Milk: The Impact on Nutritional Programming of Childhood Obesity

“…In the study of obese mothers, although serum adiponectin levels were low in obese mothers, their colostrum exhibited high levels of this hormone. Maternal BMI was positively associated with serum adipokine levels and negatively correlated with colostrum adipokine levels [26]. The offspring of obese mothers has the occurrence risk of metabolic syndrome, breast-feeding is a protective method.…”