Cytokine Expression of Human Oral Keratinocytes

Formanek, Michael; Knerer, Birgit; Kornfehl, Johannes

doi:10.1159/000027650

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This diVerent regulation of IL-6 levels in the two diVerent compartments is not surprising, considering that diVerent sources of salivary IL-6 were identiWed in the oral cavity: acinar cells of the salivary glands (Boumba et al 1995;Fox et al 1994;Yao et al 2005), oral epithelial cells (Formanek et al 1998(Formanek et al , 1999, periodontal ligament cells (Okada et al 1997;Yamamoto et al 2006), and gingival Wbroblasts (Okada et al 1997;Parkar et al 1998). All these sources are probably regulated by speciWc mechanisms which can diVer also with respect to those regulating muscle IL-6 production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of the sample collection method on salivary interleukin–6 levels in resting and post-exercise conditions

Minetto

Gazzoni²,

Lanfranco

et al. 2007

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Previous studies demonstrated that no significant relationships exist between salivary and serum IL-6 in resting conditions and following exercise and that appropriate saliva collection procedures allow to avoid analytical drawbacks. This investigation aimed to: (a) compare the effects of two methods of saliva collection on IL-6 assay; (b) search for correlation between salivary and serum IL-6 in resting and post-exercise conditions; (c) evaluate the IL-6 response to isometric contractions. Seventeen sedentary subjects and fifteen athletes underwent one blood and two salivary draws: saliva was collected chewing on cotton salivettes and using a plastic straw (SA method and ST method, respectively). Afterwards, the athletes only completed a fatiguing isometric exercise of the knee extensors and blood and saliva were sampled after the exercise. In the entire group (n=32), ST method produced higher IL-6 levels than SA method and serum sampling. The exercise elicited significant responses of lactate, serum IL-6, salivary IL-6 (by ST method): salivary IL-6 values using the ST collection method were higher at each sampling point than with the SA method. The correlation analyses applied to both resting levels in the entire group and absolute changes above baseline in the athlete group showed that: (1) no significant relationships exist between serum and salivary IL-6 levels; (2) the greater the salivary IL-6 measurement, the higher the resultant inaccuracy of the SA method; (3) significant correlations exist between isometric force and mechanical fatigue during exercise and peaks of lactate and serum IL-6. These data provided demonstration of a cotton-interference effect for the results of salivary IL-6 assay and confirmed the lack of significant correlation between salivary and serum IL-6 in resting and post-exercise conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of the sample collection method on salivary interleukin–6 levels in resting and post-exercise conditions

Minetto

Gazzoni²,

Lanfranco

et al. 2007

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Our results are somewhat different from those suggesting that IFNγ alone can upregulate TLR2 and TLR4 in oral keratinocytes (Uehera et al 2002). However, those stimulations continued for 3 d, not a mere 4 h. During long culturing, IFNγ may work synergistically with TNFα, which is continuously produced by oral keratinocytes in cell cultures (Formanek et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers

et al. 2015

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A recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is a common inflammatory ulcerative lesion affecting oral mucosa. We studied the eventual apoptosis of epithelial cells from the point of view of ulcer and inflammation. RAU lesions and healthy mucosa samples were immunostained for caspase-3 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). DNA nicks were identified using TUNEL staining. We studied the effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interferon γ (IFNγ) on the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) expression of human oral SCC-25 keratinocytes. We also studied the effects of self-DNA, all-thiol-HMGB1, and disulfide-HMGB1 on epithelial cells, with or without IFNγ. At the edge of RAU lesions, all epithelial cell layers were caspase-3(+), TUNEL(+), and HMGB-1(+) and had widened intercellular spaces. In contrast, healthy epithelial cells were negative for caspase-3 and TUNEL staining. HMGB1 was seen in only the basal cell layers, and the cells retained close cell-to-cell contacts. Self-DNA increased TNF-α mRNA (P = 0.02) in SCC-25 cells. Both TNFα and IFNγ (P = 0.01) increased TLR2. Upon TNFα stimulation, SCC-25 cells lost their nuclear HMGB1 staining. HMGB1 did not increase IL-8, IL-6, or TNF-α mRNA in SCC-25 cells, which was unaffected by the presence of IFNγ. We conclude that in healthy epithelium, the most superficial cells at the end of their life cycle are simply desquamated. In contrast, RAU is characterized by top-to-bottom apoptosis such that dead cells may slough off, leading to an ulcer. Because of a lack of scavenging anti-inflammatory macrophages, apoptotic cells probably undergo secondary necrosis releasing proinflammatory danger signals, which may contribute to the peripheral inflammatory halo. This is supported by self-DNA-induced TNFα synthesis. In contrast to TLR4- and TLR2-binding lipopolysaccharide used as a positive control, disulfide-HMGB1 did not stimulate proinflammatory cytokines.

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“…Changes in cytokine content in various human oral lesions have been investigated earlier. Normal, healthy mucosa freshly isolated keratinocytes demonstrated the ‘inflammatory’ cytokines IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8 and TNF‐α but not IL‐2 or IL‐4 [23], indicative of a constantly active immune defence because of the steady exposure of substances from the environment as well as the easily penetrable epithelial layers. Conditions characterized by T‐cell‐dominated inflammatory reactions have been described as to their content of different cytokines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Local Tissue and Regional Lymph Node IL‐2 and IFN‐γ Responses in Experimental Oral Mucosa and Skin Contact Sensitivity in Mice

Ahlfors¹,

Lyberg²

2010

Scand J Immunol

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Using ELISA, we have quantified the levels of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ in the oral mucosa, ear skin and regional and distant lymph nodes in an experimental murine model of contact sensitivity (CS), induced by the hapten oxazolone (OXA). Compared to normal conditions, the levels of IL‐2 peaked early (4–6 h) after hapten exposure in the hapten‐exposed tissues analysed both during the first hapten exposure (sensitization) and the second (elicitation) phase, thereafter quickly to subside. The oral mucosa displayed maximal 24‐fold increase in IL‐2 levels after sensitization and 39‐fold increase after elicitation. Respective figures for ear skin were ×27 and ×35 and for regional lymph nodes ×8 and ×9, respectively. The distant lymph nodes displayed only minor cytokine increases at any time. IFN‐γ‐levels did not increase after sensitization with OXA. An increase in IFN‐γ was seen after the second exposure, peaking at 8–24 h, thereafter quickly subsiding. The oral mucosa IFN‐γ increased ×14 after elicitation, the ear skin ×8 and regional lymph nodes ×37. The weight of the four regional lymph nodes increased from 10 to 38 mg, and the total number of cells in these lymph nodes was increased ×11, peaking 48 h after the elicitation. We conclude that in CS reactions, tissue levels of IL‐2 increased in buccal mucosa, ear skin and in regional lymph nodes after hapten exposure and re‐exposure, IFN‐γ appeared only after re‐exposure to the hapten. The increased weight of the regional lymph nodes was mainly attributed to cell proliferation. The common ectodermal origin and the similarity of the CS reactions on skin and in buccal mucosa indicate that these tissues share common immunological patterns of Th1 cell reactivity, at least in dealing with haptens like OXA.

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Cytokine Expression of Human Oral Keratinocytes

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of the sample collection method on salivary interleukin–6 levels in resting and post-exercise conditions

Influence of the sample collection method on salivary interleukin–6 levels in resting and post-exercise conditions

Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers

Kinetics of Local Tissue and Regional Lymph Node IL‐2 and IFN‐γ Responses in Experimental Oral Mucosa and Skin Contact Sensitivity in Mice

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