Cytokine levels and their role in the etiopathogenesis of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A systematic review

Kishore, Jaimala; Shaikh, Fouzia; Mirza, Sana; Raffat, Muhammad Arsalan; Ikram, Salma; Akram, Zohaib

doi:10.1177/0333102419854052

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Our results indicated no differences in IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α levels between BMS and controls, in adherence with previous systematic reviews 20,50 . A previous systematic review with specific focus on IL‐6 reported a majority of studies in which patients did not present increased levels of IL‐6 50 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Is burning mouth syndrome associated with stress? A meta‐analysis

Porporatti

Schröder²,

Lebel

et al. 2023

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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BackgroundSome studies have shown burning mouth syndrome (BMS) as comorbid psychosocial and psychiatric disorders, and as well, pointed at stress as a major risk factor.ObjectiveThe aim of this meta‐analysis was to answer the following question: ‘Is there an association between BMS and stress, compared to healthy controls?’MethodsTwo reviewers searched for the effect of stress in BMS and published on five main databases and three from the grey literature. Various questionnaires and biomarkers were analysed. Of the 2489 selected articles, 30 met the inclusion criteria. Studies englobed questionnaires, such as Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory, Holmes‐Rahe scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS‐21), Recent Experience Test; and various biomarkers, such as cortisol, opiorphin, IgA, α‐amylase and interleukins.ResultsIn all studies with questionnaires, stress was significantly increased in the BMS group vs. control. Patients with BMS presented 25.73% higher cortisol levels, 28.17% higher IgA levels and 40.62% higher α‐amylase levels than controls. Meta‐analysis found that BMS subjects presented 3.01 nmoL/L [0.53; 5.50] higher cortisol levels, 84.35 kU/L [15.00; 153.71] higher α‐amylase levels, 29.25 mg/mL [9.86; 48.64] higher IgA levels and 258.59 pg/mL [59.24; 457.94] higher IL‐8 levels than control. No differences were found for opiorphin concentration in ng/mL [−0.96; 2.53]. For interleukins, no differences were founded for IL‐1 β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α.ConclusionBased on the available evidence, this meta‐analysis suggests more stress factors in questionnaire‐based studies, and higher levels of cortisol, α‐amylase, IgA and IL‐8 biomarkers in BMS subjects than controls.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Is burning mouth syndrome associated with stress? A meta‐analysis

Porporatti

Schröder²,

Lebel

et al. 2023

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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“…Although salivary proteins and hormones such as alpha-amylase, cortisol, chromogranin A, and immunoglobulin A have been shown as stress biomarkers [ 4 , 5 ], their role in the etiology of stress-related oral diseases remains unclear. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins, tumor necrotic factor- α, and interferon- γ, in the saliva of patients with stress-related oral diseases have been reported previously; however, the levels have been found to vary among studies [ 6 – 8 ]. This might be attributed to the multiple local and systemic factors in the oral cavity that vary among individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Proteomic and microbiota analyses of the oral cavity during psychological stress

et al. 2022

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Psychological stress is associated with various oral diseases such as aphthous stomatitis, oral lichen planus, taste disturbances and glossodynia. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of psychological stress on salivary proteins and the oral microbiota in a rat model of chronic restraint stress. Six-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to restraint stress for four hours daily for 1 month. The behavior, weights of the adrenal glands, and serum corticosterone levels were evaluated as stress markers. Proteomic analysis of the saliva was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry and Western blotting. Analysis of the oral microbiota was performed via 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. The low mean body weights, lower number of entries and time spent in the open arm of elevated plus maze, high adrenal gland/body weight ratios, and high serum corticosterone levels confirmed the high levels of stress in the stress group of rats compared to the controls. Thirty-three protein spots were found to be significantly altered between the two groups. After silver staining, seven visible spots were subjected for mass spectrometry, and the expression levels of the two most significantly altered proteins, BPI fold containing family A member 2 and von Ebner’s gland protein, were confirmed by Western blotting. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant reduction in alpha diversity in the stress group compared to the controls. The abundances of oral bacteria, such as Facklamia and Corynebacterium, were significantly altered between the two groups. Additionally, analysis with PICRUSt2 software predicted 37 different functional pathways to be altered between the groups. In conclusion, the present study identified altered salivary proteins and oral microbiota due to psychological stress. These findings might aid in understanding the pathogenesis of stress-related oral diseases.

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“…Controversial results were obtained for cytokine levels, such as in the evaluation of IL-6, where the levels were sometimes higher [86,88], sometimes comparable [83], and sometimes lower [85] for BMS patients than the controls. It remains debatable whether increased or decreased cytokine levels contribute to the etiopathogenesis of BMS [27].…”

Section: Arguments For Neuropathic Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of them evaluated the efficacy of pharmacological and/or nonpharmacological treatments [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. A few others were interested in psychological factors [23], psychophysical characterization [24][25][26], or more specifically, cytokine levels and their role in the etiopathogenesis of BMS [27]. However, no systematic review has made an inventory of all available data on primary BMS to highlight the elements leaning more towards the neuropathic or psychogenic components or hypotheses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropathic and Psychogenic Components of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Orliaguet

Miséry

2021

Biomolecules

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The pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been extensively debated but is poorly understood despite a large number of hypotheses attempting to explain its etiopathogenic mechanisms. The aim of the present work was to systematically review papers that could provide arguments in favour of the neuropathic and psychogenic components of primary BMS for a better understanding of the disease. This systematic review (SR) was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021224160). The search was limited to articles in English or French from 1990 to 01 December 2020. A total of 113 articles were considered for data extraction. We divided them into four subgroups: pharmacological and nonpharmacological management studies (n = 23); neurophysiological studies (n = 35); biohistopathological studies (n = 25); and questionnaire-based studies (n = 30). Several of these studies have shown neuropathic involvement at various levels of the neuraxis in BMS with the contribution of quantitative sensory testing (QST), functional brain imaging, and biohistopathological or pharmacologic studies. On the other hand, the role of psychological factors in BMS has also been the focus of several studies and has shown a link with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and/or depression symptoms. Depending on the patient, the neuropathic and psychogenic components may exist simultaneously, with a preponderance of one or the other, or exist individually. These two components cannot be dissociated to define BMS. Consequently, BMS may be considered nociplastic pain.

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Cytokine levels and their role in the etiopathogenesis of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A systematic review

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Is burning mouth syndrome associated with stress? A meta‐analysis

Is burning mouth syndrome associated with stress? A meta‐analysis

Proteomic and microbiota analyses of the oral cavity during psychological stress

Neuropathic and Psychogenic Components of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Systematic Review

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