Cytokine-mediated antimicrobial immune response of catfish,Clarias gariepinus, as a defence againstAeromonas hydrophila

Yin, Zehao; Lam, T.J.; Sin, Y.M.

doi:10.1006/fsim.1996.0066

Cited by 86 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Very little is known about the different mechanisms used by fish phagocytes. However, the oxygen-dependent mechanism has been demonstrat- ed in many different fish, namely tilapia, catfish, blue gourami, rainbow trout, and salmon (3,4,26,56). In the present study, virulent E. tarda strains induced lower rates of ROI production than avirulent strains (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Opsonized VirulentEdwardsiella tardaStrains Are Able To Adhere to and Survive and Replicate within Fish Phagocytes but Fail To Stimulate Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

Rao¹,

Lim²,

Leung

2001

Infect Immun

148

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Edwardsiella tarda is responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia (edwardsiellosis) in fish and also causes diseases in higher vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. Interactions of E. tarda with blue gourami phagocytes were studied by light microscopy as well as by adherence, intracellular replication, and superoxide anion assays. Both nonopsonized virulent (PPD130/91 and AL9379) and avirulent (PPD125/87 and PPD76/87) bacteria could adhere to and survive and replicate within phagocytes, while only opsonized virulent strains replicated within the phagocytes. Furthermore, only avirulent E. tarda elicited a higher rate of production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) by phagocytes, indicating that they were unable to avoid and/or resist reactive oxygen radical-based killing by the fish phagocytes. TnphoA transposon mutagenesis was used to construct a library of 200 alkaline phosphatase (PhoA ؉ ) fusion mutants from a total of 182,000 transconjugants derived from E. tarda PPD130/91. Five of these mutants induced more ROI production in phagocytes than the wild-type strain. Two mutants had lower replication ability inside phagocytes and moderately higher 50% lethal dose values than the wild-type strain. Sequence analysis revealed that three of these mutants had insertions at sequences having homology to PhoS, dipeptidase, and a surface polymer ligase of lipid A core proteins of other pathogens. These three independent mutations might have changed the cell surface characteristics of the bacteria, which in turn induced phagocytes to produce increased ROIs. Sequences from two other mutants had no homology to known genes, indicating that they may be novel genes for antiphagocytic killing. The present study showed that there are differences in the interactions of virulent and avirulent E. tarda organisms with fish phagocytes and PhoA ؉ fusion mutants that could be used successfully to identify virulence genes. The information elucidated here would help in the development of suitable strategies to combat the disease caused by E. tarda.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Opsonized VirulentEdwardsiella tardaStrains Are Able To Adhere to and Survive and Replicate within Fish Phagocytes but Fail To Stimulate Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

Rao¹,

Lim²,

Leung

2001

Infect Immun

148

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“…Dis Aquat Org 47: [101][102][103][104][105][106][107] 2001 1995, Yin et al 1997). In the case of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., induction of NO production required both macrophage-activating factor (MAF) and LPS (Mulero & Meseguer 1998).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of VHSV on NO production depends on the response to LPS alone. When a low multiplicity of infection was used (1.78 × 10 1995, Yin et al 1997). In the case of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., induction of NO production required both macrophage-activating factor (MAF) and LPS (Mulero & Meseguer 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus alters turbot Scophthalmus maximus macrophage nitric oxide production

Tafalla¹,

Figueras

Novoa³

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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), the NO production in response to LPS in LPS-responsive macrophages was significantly decreased. However, LPS-nonresponsive macrophage cultures produced NO when a combination of LPS and VHSV was used. In the case of a higher VHSV multiplicity of infection (1.78), no significant change was observed in LPSnon-responsive animals. Combinations of LPS with TNF-α, LPS with MAF, and TNF-α with MAF were used to induce NO production in LPS-non-responsive macrophages. In all these cases, VHSV suppressed NO production, although at a significant level only when a combination of TNF-α and MAF was used for the induction of NO.KEY WORDS: Nitric oxide · Lipopolysacharide · Macrophage · Viral hemorrhagic virus · Turbot Scophthalmus maximus · Macrophage activating factor · Tumor necrosis factor α Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 47: [101][102][103][104][105][106][107] 2001 1995, Yin et al. 1997). In the case of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., induction of NO production required both macrophage-activating factor (MAF) and LPS (Mulero & Meseguer 1998). In the turbot Scophthalmus maximus, only about one-third of macrophage cultures (30.2%) were significantly stimulated to produce NO by LPS alone (LPS-responsive macrophages), whereas others required a combination of LPS and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), supernatants with MAF activity or supernatants with interferon (IFN)-αβ activity (LPS-non-responsive macrophages) (Tafalla & Novoa 2000). In the presence of LPS, responsive macrophages generate NO more than 2 times higher than non-stimulated controls, while the non-responsive macrophages, in the presence of LPS alone, do not generate NO concentrations significantly higher than non-stimulated controls. A combination of TNF-α and supernatants with MAF activity also stimulated NO production in LPS-nonresponsive macrophages.Analysis of the effects of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on NO production is of particular interest since this virus is known to replicate in macrophages (Estepa et al. 1992, Tafalla et al. 1998. VHSV is one of the most devastating viruses in aquaculture, producing great losses in fish production. In recent years, cultured and wild populations of turbot Scophthalmus maximus have experienced significant mortalities due to VHSV outbreaks (Schlotfeldt et al. 1991, Ross et al. 1994. VHSV is known to replicate in turbot kidney macrophages; however, secretion of oxygen dependent radicals (respiratory burst activity) is not significantly affected by in vitro infection with the virus (Tafalla et al. 1998).We have studied the effect of VHSV in vitro infection on turbot macrophage LPS induced NO production in LPS-responsive macrophages, as well as on NO induced by combinations of LPS, TNF-α or MAF in LPS-non-responsive macrophages. We studied the effect of these stimuli on VHSV replication to determine whether alterations in the NO production by the virus could be correlated with changes in the susceptibility of macrophages to VHSV due to these s...

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“…The impurities in commercial LPS like peptidoglycans are responsible for LPS effects probably by acting through TLR 2 (Pijanowski et al, 2015;Mackenzie et al, 2010). In goldfish and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), LPS could directly stimulate NO production (Neumann et al, 1995;Yin et al, 1997), as in H. fossilis. These results show that NO production by macrophages may be direct or indirect depending on species.…”

Section: No Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Effects of Lipopolysaccharide and Stress Hormones on Phagocytosis and Nitric Oxide Production by Enriched Head Kidney Macrophage Cultures in the Catfish

Kumar

Joy

2018

Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy

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Head kidney (HK) is the embryonic pronephric kidney retained in adult teleosts and contains the adrenal homologues (interrenal and chromaffin cells) and hemopoietic tissue. The adrenal homologues secrete the stress hormones glucorticoids (cortisol) and catecholamines, and the hemopoietic tissue is a major source of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils that serve as the first line of defence against invading pathogens. In the present study, head kidney macrophage-enriched preparations of Heteropneustes fossilis were used to demonstrate the dynamics of phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; bacterial toxin), the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and/or catecholamines. The incubation of enriched macrophage cultures with LPS for 6 h at 20 o C stimulated phagocytosis of yeast cells and fluorescent latex beads. On the other hand, the cortisol agonist dexamethasone (10 nM) inhibited phagocytosis of yeast cells and latex beads under similar conditions. LPS stimulated inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-like expression in the macrophage cultures, which was inhibited by dexamethasone in co-incubations. Complementary to the iNOS expression, LPS stimulated NO production (nitrite level), which was inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NMMA. Dexamethasone inhibited basal as well as the LPS-induced stimulation of NO. The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine did not alter the basal NO level but inhibited the LPS-induced stimulation of NO. Dopamine stimulated NO production only at a higher concentration. The results provide evidence for the existence of an endocrine-immune interaction at the level of the head kidney to modulate macrophage activity and immune functions in the catfish.

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Cytokine-mediated antimicrobial immune response of catfish,Clarias gariepinus, as a defence againstAeromonas hydrophila

Cited by 86 publications

References 14 publications

Opsonized VirulentEdwardsiella tardaStrains Are Able To Adhere to and Survive and Replicate within Fish Phagocytes but Fail To Stimulate Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

Opsonized VirulentEdwardsiella tardaStrains Are Able To Adhere to and Survive and Replicate within Fish Phagocytes but Fail To Stimulate Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus alters turbot Scophthalmus maximus macrophage nitric oxide production

In Vitro Effects of Lipopolysaccharide and Stress Hormones on Phagocytosis and Nitric Oxide Production by Enriched Head Kidney Macrophage Cultures in the Catfish

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