Cytokine production of RSV/PHA‐stimulated tonsillar mononuclear cells: influences of age and atopy

Ichinohe, Sadato; Hussain, Imran R.; Johnston, Sebastian L.

doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00087902

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Ichinohe et al demonstrated that the capacity to produce IL-4 and IFN-γ in response to RSV infection increases with age 18. In our data, cytokine responses to initial RSV infection did not differ by age during infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Cytokine response after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in early life

Castro

Schweiger

Yin-DeClue

et al. 2008

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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Background Immune response following viral infection usually involves Th1-mediated response; however, severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection appears to be associated with the development of asthma, a Th2-predominant phenotype. Objective To understand the early and subsequent immunologic response to a serious RSV infection in children over time. Methods 206 previously healthy infants hospitalized with severe RSV bronchiolitis were enrolled in a prospective cohort called the RSV Bronchiolitis in Early Life (RBEL) study. Peripheral blood T cells were obtained immediately following RSV infection and at 2, 4 and 6 years of age, stimulated with PMA and ionomycin, and analyzed for interleukin (IL)-2, -4, and - 13 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) by flow cytometry and real time PCR. Results 48% (n=97) of the children developed asthma (physician-diagnosed) and 48% (n=97) had eczema by age 6. 32% (n=48 of 150) developed allergic sensitization by 3 yrs of age. Children with asthma had lower IL-13 expression at 6 yrs of age than those without (p=0.001). IFN-γ, IL-2 and -4 levels did not differ by asthma or eczema status during follow-up (all p>0.05). Allergic sensitization was not associated with differences in cytokine levels during follow-up (all p>0.05). Conclusion Severe RSV infection early in life is associated with a high incidence of asthma and eczema. Contrary to expectations, subsequent immunologic development in those who developed asthma, eczema or allergic sensitization was not associated with a Th2 phenotype in the peripheral blood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Studies have demonstrated the ability to produce IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines increases with age in healthy infants 18, 21, 22. The evidence for IL-2 in healthy infants is less clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine response after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in early life

Castro

Schweiger

Yin-DeClue

et al. 2008

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…Whether RANTES level is also higher in the −403 A allele before one year of age and by recurrence of RSV is still the question needed to be solved in the future. Recent studies only indicated that RANTES was significantly increased in atopic children, which were dependent on RSV replication [10,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The result indicated that RANTES −403 A was responsible for elevated transcriptional activity in this work. Other factors such as the (−28 C/G) polymorphism [3] and infection disease [10,17] should not be ignored, which also contributed to the RANTES level. Polymorphism in IL-8 appears to determine the RSV bronchiolitis severity [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of variation in RANTES promoter on serum RANTES levels and risk of recurrent wheezing after RSV bronchiolitis in children from Han, Southern China

et al. 2008

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To investigate the association among RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) gene promoter polymorphism, serum RANTES levels, and recurrent wheezing after RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) bronchiolitis in children (1-12 months of age) from Han, Southern china. Three hundred twenty children with RSV bronchiolitis and 272 controls were enrolled in the 3-year follow-up study. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RELP), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and luciferase analysis were the mainly used methods, which were used to genotype the RANTES (-403 G/A), assess the serum RANTES levels and the RANTES promoter activity. As the results showed, the RANTES (-403 G/A) in the promoter region was associated with recurrent wheezing after RSV bronchiolitis (p < 0.05) and serum RANTES levels (RANTES genotype G/G: 26.03 +/- 7.46 ng/ml G/A: 28.22 +/- 6.44 ng/ml A/A: 30.12 +/- 5.88 ng/ml). Functional analyses of RANTES promoter activity indicated that the RANTES (-403 G to A) mutation increases the transcriptional activity of the RANTES promoter. In conclusion, the RANTES (-403 G/A) polymorphism increases RANTES transcriptional activity resulted in a high serum RANTES levels, thus increased the risk of recurrent wheezing after RSV bronchiolitis.

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“…Recent interest has been focused on the associations of the host immune responses with disease severity [11]. Children exposed to RSV in early life or at a specific age tend to have a higher risk of severe lower respiratory infection [12], and this association was explained at least in part by the immature or impaired Th1 immune response in infancy [13,14]. In prospective studies, reduced interferon (IFN)-γ secretion from mitogen-stimulated cord blood cells has been linked to an increased number of moderate-to-severe viral respiratory infections [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Pretreatment on RSV-Induced Gene Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells

Yamada

Matsumoto

Hashimoto

et al. 2010

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants with Th2 predisposition is thought to increase the risk of allergic sensitization, recurrent wheezing, and bronchial asthma during childhood. We attempted to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which Th1/Th2 predisposition in the host alters RSV infection and facilitates airway inflammation. Methods: A549 human airway epithelial cells were inoculated with live or UV-treated RSV after pretreatment with either a combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ (Th1-primed) or a combination of TNF-α and interleukin-4 (Th2-primed) for 48 h. The gene and protein expression profiles of RSV-infected A549 cells were examined. Results: GeneChip analysis indicated that, at 96 h after inoculation with RSV, the expression of 62 genes was specifically enhanced (more than 2-fold by normalized data) in Th2-primed cells compared to that in unprimed or Th1-primed cells. An increase in mRNA and protein levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 among those 62 genes was confirmed by real-time PCR and cytometric bead assay, respectively. RSV replication was markedly diminished in Th1-primed airway epithelial cells but not in Th2-primed cells, which was presumably caused at least in part by the early induction of antiviral genes. Conclusions: These results suggest that Th1/Th2 predisposition in the host prior to RSV infection critically regulates inflammatory reactions in the airways through alteration of gene expression, and that MCP-1/CCL2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of severe RSV infection and the subsequent development of asthma in Th2-predisposed hosts.

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Cytokine production of RSV/PHA‐stimulated tonsillar mononuclear cells: influences of age and atopy

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Cytokine response after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in early life

Cytokine response after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in early life

Effect of variation in RANTES promoter on serum RANTES levels and risk of recurrent wheezing after RSV bronchiolitis in children from Han, Southern China

Effect of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Pretreatment on RSV-Induced Gene Expression in Airway Epithelial Cells

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