Cytokine profile and clinical correlates in HIV-exposed infants with severe (hypoxic) pneumonia

Abstract

<p><strong>Introduction. </strong>Severe pneumonia in infants who are HIV-infected is a common problem in many parts of the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. What has been missing from previous studies of severe pneumonia in HIV-infected infants, however, is a description of the host inflammatory response and cytokine/chemokine profile that accompanies this disease.</p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To describe the cytokine profiles associated with severe hypoxic pneumonia in HIV-infected infants</p><p class="Body1"><strong>Methods. </strong>In a cohort of HIV-infected children diagnosed clinically with severe hypoxic pneumonia, paired serum and sputum cytokines were tested. A control group of HIV-infected children with bronchiectasis contributed matching controls.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> A total of 100 infants (mean age 2.8 months) with a clinical diagnosis of severe hypoxic pneumonia were included in this study. IP-10 was markedly elevated in both sputum (mean 560.77pg/ml) and serum (mean 9091.14pg/ml), while IP-10 was elevated in serum (mean 39.55 pg/ml), with both these cytokines being significantly higher than in stable children with HIV-related bronchiectasis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>This study of HIV-infected infants with severe hypoxic pneumonia suggests that IL-10 and IP-10 are associated with more severe lung disease. However, further investigation of this association is required.</p>

Identification of potential key genes associated with severe pneumonia using mRNA‑seq

“…Furthermore, previous reports have indicated that severe pneumonia is associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus carrying the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes ( 12 , 13 ). Furthermore, a recent study reported that high expression of interleukin-10 ( IL-10 ) and interferon-induced protein ( IP-10 ) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants were associated with more severe hypoxic pneumonia ( 14 ). The IL-6–174 GG genotype is correlated with lower severity and mortality in patients with pneumococcal CAP ( 15 ).…”

Identification of Potential Key Long Non-Coding RNAs and Target Genes Associated with Pneumonia Using Long Non-Coding RNA Sequencing (lncRNA-Seq): A Preliminary Study

“…The activity of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in peripheral blood circulation in patients with CAP caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae is increased in the acute phase of illness compared to the control group [ 11 ]. Furthermore, a recent study has reported that high expression of IL-10 and interferon-induced protein (IP)-10 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected infants is associated with more severe hypoxic pneumonia [ 12 ]. However, currently, no study has reported the association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with pneumonia.…”