Cytokine profiles of phakic and pseudophakic eyes with primary retinal detachment

Abstract

Purpose To compare the cytokine profiles of phakic (p) and pseudophakic (ps) eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ( RD ) to eyes with macular holes ( MH ) and to identify differences in the specific cytokine profiles. Methods Aqueous humour ( AH ) and vitreous fluid ( VF ) were obtained from patients with primary RD without proliferative vitreoretinopathy undergoing vitrectomy. AH and VF of patients with macular holes ( MH ) served as controls. Forty‐three different cytokines were quantified using multiplex cytokine analysis. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed. To control for multiple comparisons, Holm's correction was applied. Results VF and AH samples of 71 eyes with RD ( pRD N = 38; ps RD N = 33) and 26 eyes with MH were included. Cytokine levels in ps RD and pRD were similar (none with >10‐fold difference). The levels of 39 of 43 cytokines in the VF were significantly higher in eyes with RD than in those with MH (>10‐fold: CXLC 5, CCL 26, CCL 1, IL ‐6, CXCL 11, CCL 7, CCL 13, MIG / CXCL 9, CCL 19 and TGF ‐ β 1). In the AH , 23 of 43 cytokines were significantly higher compared to MH (>10‐fold: CXCL 5, IL ‐4, IL ‐6, IL ‐8/ CXCL 8 and CCL 7). Conclusion A complex, but nonspecific cytokine environmental response seems to initiate immunological and profibrotic processes following RD . Relevant differences in the cytokine profiles of eyes with pRD and ps RD were not identified, whereas cytokine differences between AH and VF in RD could be explained by upregulation in the vitreous, a higher turn around in the anterior chamber, or differences in inflammatory cascades in both compartments.

Transplantation Site Affects the Outcomes of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Degeneration

“…Vitreous fluid contains many kinds of cytokines and growth factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) [36,37]. The levels of these factors are elevated in vitreous fluid in patients with retinal detachment and are thought to contribute to the onset of PVR [37,38].…”

Inflammatory and Fibrogenic Factors in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Development

“…[78][79][80][81][82][83] IL-6 can also stimulate corneal epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts (and macrophages) to produce profibrotic VEGF. 78 Like most inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 is present in subretinal fluid in high titers during retinal detachment and RRD repair, 84,85 and their presence is correlated with the subsequent, development of postoperative PVR, 9 as well as being elevated in the vitreous of patients with early PVR, 38,86 and correlating with PVR severity when found in sub silicone-oil fluid, 87 but, because subretinal and vitreous IL-6 levels significantly overlap between patients with uncomplicated retinal detachment and severe or future PVR, they have limited biomarker potential.…”

Position of macula lutea and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy affect vitreous cytokine expression in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

“…[31] Garweg et al documented that the levels of 39 of 43 cytokines in the vitreous and 23 of 43 cytokines in the aqueous humour were significantly higher in eyes with RRD than in those with MH and they could not find relevant differences in the cytokine profiles of phakic and pseudophakic eyes. [32] Zandi et al evaluated the same 43 cytokines in RRD, moderate, and advanced PVR compared to MH. They revealed that eyes with PVR C2-D showed higher levels of CCL27 (CTACK), CXCL12 (SDF-1), CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL6, IL-4, IL-16, CCL8 (MCP-2), CCL22, CCL15 (MIP-1delta), CCL19 (MIP-3beta), CCL23 and compared to controls.…”