Cytokines and Growth Factors

Silva, Ana Catarina; Lobo, José Manuel Sousa

doi:10.1007/10_2019_105

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are a specific type of cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis, which is a process related to the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. More specifically, HGFs directly stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of bone marrow cells, originating functional blood cells (Silva et al 2019;Pérez-Ruixo 2019;Walsh 2013;Groopman et al 1989).…”

Section: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EPO is mainly synthetized in the kidneys, being released in response to tissue hypoxia, that is, when the blood oxygen level is low. Nonetheless, it was detected that the liver and brain also produce EPO (Silva et al 2019;Pérez-Ruixo 2019;Walsh 2013;Elliott et al 2008).…”

Section: Erythropoietin (Epo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EPO stimulates and regulates erythropoiesis, which is the body's mechanism of producing red blood cells. The result of this process is an increase of differentiated red blood cells in the bloodstream (Silva et al 2019;Pérez-Ruixo 2019;Walsh 2013). Briefly, EPO binds directly to the red blood cells surface receptors, originating their conformational change, which brings the Janus family tyrosine protein kinase 2 (JAK2) to the vicinities and originates its phosphorylation, promotes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the EPO receptor cytoplasm, and activates signaling molecules.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) G-CSF and GM-CSF are blood cell growth factors responsible for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of white blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (Silva et al 2019;Walsh 2013).…”

Section: Clinical Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bone marrow stromal cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts generate G-CSF, which regulates the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils, induces the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and participates in the differentiation of other hematopoietic cells (Silva et al 2019;Walsh 2013). G-CSF stimulates the neutrophils production, upon binding to the receptors expressed on the surface of myeloid progenitor cells, changing their conformation, and triggering several signaling pathways, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK/ERK.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Silva¹,

Moreira²,

Lobo³

2020

Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology

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Section: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Erythropoietin (Epo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Silva¹,

Moreira²,

Lobo³

2020

Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology

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Selection of a Full Agonist Combinatorial Antibody that Rescues Leptin Deficiency In Vivo

et al. 2020

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Growth factor deficiency in adulthood constitutes a distinct clinical syndrome with significant morbidities including abnormal body composition, reduced energy, affective disturbances, dyslipidemia, and increased cardiovascular risk. Protein replacement therapies using recombinant proteins or enzymes represent the only approved treatment. Combinatorial antibodies have shown great promise as a new class of therapeutic molecules because they act as “mechanism‐based antibodies” with both agonist and antagonist activities. Using leptin, a key hormone in energy metabolism, as an example, a function‐guided approach is developed to select combinatorial antibodies with high potency and full agonist activity that substitute natural growth factors in vivo. The identified antibody shows identical biochemical properties and cellular profiles as leptin, and rescues leptin‐deficiency in ob/ob mice. Remarkably, the antibody activates leptin receptors that are otherwise nonfunctional because of mutations (L372A and A409E). Combinatorial antibodies have significant advantages over recombinant proteins for chronical usage in terms of immunological tolerance and biological stability.

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