Cytokines and innate immunity of fish

Dietary phenylalanine-improved intestinal barrier health in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with increased immune status and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and related signalling molecules

“…Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-a are involved in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory processes in fish [52]. Our studies showed higher mRNA levels of IL-8 and TNF-a in Phe-deficient groups than in intestinal segments from other groups.…”

“…Our studies showed higher mRNA levels of IL-8 and TNF-a in Phe-deficient groups than in intestinal segments from other groups. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-b negatively modulate activation of the inflammatory response in fish [52]. In our study, we observed that Phe deficiency or excess inhibited IL-10 and TGF-b1 mRNA levels, but optimum Phe promoted expression of these genes in all intestinal segments.…”

Dietary riboflavin deficiency decreases immunity and antioxidant capacity, and changes tight junction proteins and related signaling molecules mRNA expression in the gills of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…Above data may partly explain the negative effects of riboflavin deficiency on fish gill innate immunity. In addition, innate immunity is associated with inflammation, which is primarily mediated by inflammatory cytokines in fish [14]. We then examined the effects of riboflavin on inflammation in the gills of fish.…”

“…These data indicated that riboflavin might be able to increase gill reduced glutathione content, thereby improving gill innate immunity of fish, and this possibility was worthy of investigation. In fish, the innate immune response could trigger an inflammation, which was primarily mediated by inflammatory cytokines [14]. It has been reported that the production of inflammatory cytokines were regulated by nuclear factor kB (NFkB) signaling pathway in bony fish [15] and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in human cells [16].…”

The impaired intestinal mucosal immune system by valine deficiency for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with decreasing immune status and regulating tight junction proteins transcript abundance in the intestine

“…To the best of our knowledge, the intestinal mucosal immune status is closely associated with inflammation [5], which is mediated by cytokines [57]. Up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-a are often involved in inflammatory bowel diseases [58], and to prevent inflammation, antiinflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-b are thought to counteract the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [59,60].…”