Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection

Valeri, Maria Cristina; Raffatellu, Manuela

doi:10.1093/femspd/ftw111

Cited by 147 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 235 publications

(258 reference statements)

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“…Group B included IL-10 and IFN-ɣ, which are mainly T-cell/natural killer (NK) cell-derived mediators that are produced in response to stimulation by various pathogens or antigens and are also elevated in the vitreous fluid of eyes with IOL. Group C consisted of IL-22, which is produced by dendritic cells, NK cells, and T helper 17 (T H 17) cells in response to stimulation by bacterial pathogens and initiates the innate immune response to bacteria 15,16 . Group D included IFN-α2, IFN-β, and IL-26, which are mainly produced by virus-infected cells and play a role in the defence against viral infection 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of eyes with pan-uveitis according to aetiological classification

Fukunaga

Kaburaki

Shirahama

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Treatment of uveitis is complicated because of its multiple aetiologies and elevation of various inflammatory mediators. To determine the mediators that are elevated in the vitreous humor according to the aetiology of the uveitis, we examined the concentrations of 21 inflammatory cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 5 colony-stimulating/growth factors in vitreous samples from 57 eyes with uveitis associated with intraocular lymphoma (IOL, n = 13), sarcoidosis (n = 15), acute retinal necrosis (ARN, n = 13), or bacterial endophthalmitis (BE, n = 16). Samples from eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (n = 15), which is not associated with uveitis, were examined as controls. Heat map analysis demonstrated that the patterns of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor in eyes with uveitis were disease-specific. Pairwise comparisons between the 5 diseases showed specific elevation of interferon-α2 in ARN and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in BE. Pairwise comparisons between IOL, ARN, and BE revealed that levels of IL-10 in IOL, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) in ARN, and IL-22 in BE were significantly higher than those in the other 2 types of uveitis. These mediators are likely to be involved in the immunopathology of specific types of uveitis and may be useful biomarkers. Uveitis affects more than 2 million people worldwide 1 , is a leading cause of visual impairment in the working population, and accounts for 10% of the worldwide burden of blindness 2. Uveitis is defined as intraocular inflammation involving the iris, ciliary body, and choroid and has more than 60 known aetiologies 3. Depending on the aetiology, uveitis is classified clinically by the International Uveitis Study Group as infectious uveitis (IU), non-infectious uveitis (NIU), masquerade syndrome (malignant), or other (idiopathic) 4. IU is caused by infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a representative type of IU and is a devastating necrotising retinitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) 5. Bacterial endophthalmitis (BE) is also a leading IU that causes severe necrotising retinitis and dense vitritis; it usually progresses rapidly and has a poor visual prognosis. On the other hand, intraocular lymphoma (IOL), also known as vitreoretinal lymphoma, is representative of masquerade syndrome, which is characterised by two ocular manifestations, i.e., vitreous cellular infiltration and subretinal tumor infiltration 6. IOL is a life-threatening disease because of its high relapse rate in the central nervous system despite aggressive systemic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy 7 , and its 5-year overall survival rate has been reported to be 61% 8. Therefore, in clinical practice, early diagnosis of uveitis and appropriate aetiology-specific treatment is important. However,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of eyes with pan-uveitis according to aetiological classification

Fukunaga

Kaburaki

Shirahama

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…To ascertain this, further investigations are necessary. During viral infection, the high production of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 has been directly related with inflamed tissues [38]. The role of IL-17 in mammals has been related to proinflammatory properties that make IL-17 an essential mediator of inflammation and immunopathology [36].…”

Section: Il-17 Genes Are Differently Regulated By Nnv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Regulation of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Family Ligands in the Teleost Fish European Sea Bass

González-Fernández

Chaves-Pozo

Cuesta

2020

IJMS

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Interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine comprises a family of six ligands in mammals with proinflammatory functions, having an important role in autoimmune disorders and against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. While IL-17A and IL-17F ligands are mainly produced by Th cells (Th17 cells), the rest of the ligands are expressed by other immune and non-immune cells and have different functions. The identification of IL-17 ligands in fish has revealed the presence of six members, counterparts to mammalian ones, and a teleost-specific form, the fish IL-17N. However, tissue distribution, the regulation of gene expression, and scarce bioactivity assays point to similar functions compared to mammalian ones, though this yet to be investigated and confirmed. Thus, we have identified seven IL-17 ligands in the teleost European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), for the first time, corresponding to IL-17A/F1, IL-17A/F2, IL-17A/F3, IL-17C1, IL-17C2, IL-17D, and IL-17N, according to the predicted protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis. They are constitutively and widely transcribed in sea bass tissues, with some of them being mainly expressed in the thymus, brain or intestine. Upon in vitro stimulation of head-kidney leucocytes, the mRNA levels of all sea bass IL-17 ligands were up-regulated by phytohemagglutinin treatment, a well-known T cell mitogen, suggesting a major expression in T lymphocytes. By contrast, the infection of sea bass juveniles with nodavirus (NNV), a very pathogenic virus for this fish species, resulted in the up-regulation of the transcription of IL-17C1 in the head-kidney and of IL-17C1 and IL-17D in the brain, the target tissue for NNV replication. By contrast, NNV infection led to a down-regulated transcription of IL-17A/F1, IL-17A/F2, IL-17C1, IL-17C2, and IL-17D in the head-kidney and of IL-17A/F1 and IL-17A/F3 in the brain. The data are discussed accordingly with the IL-17 ligand expression and the immune response under the different situations tested.

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“…Induction of ␣S in the setting of an infectious insult would initially attract protective immune cells, followed by the engagement of the adaptive immune system. As yet we do not know the mechanisms that are involved in the induction of neuronal ␣S by infection, such as the role of TLRs (which are present on neurons) [29,30], or the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-17 and IL-22 (which potently stimulate induction of epithelial AMPs) [31].…”

Section: Neuronal ␣S Chemoattracts Immune Cells To Confine Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Immunity and Alpha-Synuclein

Barbut¹,

Stolzenberg²,

Zasloff

2019

Journal of Parkinson’s Disease

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is equipped with robust immune defenses which protect the organism from infection. Enteric nerves are front and center in this defensive network, even in the most primitive organisms. Neuropeptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity in the vicinity of the nerve and attract the innate and adaptive immune systems to help confine the invading agent. Alpha-synuclein (␣S) has many biophysical characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and binds small vesicles such as those carrying endocytosed viruses. It is induced in nerve cells in response to viral and bacterial infections. It renders the nerve cell resistant to viral infection and propagation. It signals the immune system by attracting neutrophils and macrophages, and by activating dendritic cells. Most remarkably ␣S is trafficked to the central nervous system (CNS) conferring immunity in advance of an infection. Chronic GI infection or breakdown of the epithelial barrier can cause ␣S to accumulate and form neurotoxic aggregates. Overproduction of ␣S in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its chronic trafficking to the CNS may damage nerves and lead to Parkinson's disease. Targeting the formation of ␣S aggregates in the ENS may therefore slow the progression of the disease.

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Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection

Cited by 147 publications

References 235 publications

Analysis of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of eyes with pan-uveitis according to aetiological classification

Analysis of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of eyes with pan-uveitis according to aetiological classification

Identification and Regulation of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Family Ligands in the Teleost Fish European Sea Bass

Gastrointestinal Immunity and Alpha-Synuclein

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